CLIMATE RESILIENT LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION: AN OVERVIEW
*Saurav Dutta1, Biju Borah2, Leema Bora3, Janmoni shyam4, Sadananda Payeng⁵, Monoshri johari⁶, Neelakshi DuttaBoruah⁷, Akash Jyoti Moral8, Lalmal Sawmi Rokhum9, Richamoni Deori10, Palashdhoni Boro11, Nayandeep Kalita¹², Tribeni Buragohain13, Mrigashree Barman14, Midanchi N Arengh15
1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15Department of Veterinary Extension Education, College of Veterinary Science, C.V.Sc, AAU, Khanapara,Gywahati- 781022
2 Department of Veterinary Extension Education, LCVSc, AAU, Joyhing, North Lakhimpur-787051
*Corresponding author:- saurav.dutta.vmk24@aau.ac.in
Abstract
This article took a closer look at how climate change significantly impacted India’s livestock sector, affecting animal health, productivity, feed availability, and reproduction. To tackle these issues, the article discussed practical solutions such as Climate-resilient livestock production, including better feeding methods, climate-adapted animal shelters, heat and disease-tolerant breeds, and smarter use of weather forecasts. It also highlighted the importance of farmer education, community involvement, and support from extension services in building resilience. By combining scientific knowledge with local practices, the article emphasized that livestock farming can adapt to climate change and continue to support food security and rural livelihoods.
Keywords :- Animal Husbandry, Climate change, Climate resilience, Extension service, Livestock production, Rural livelihood
Introduction:-
Livestock rearing is one of the major occupations in dry land as well as other parts of India and is making significant contribution to the country’s GDP. About 70% of the farm animals in India is owned by small and marginal farmers, and landless laborers (CGRFA, 2007). The growth potential of animal husbandry sector is increasing day by day. According to the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Government of India, the farm animals sector accounted for 5.73% of the total GDP and 30.19% of the Agricultural and Allied Sector Gross Value Added (GVA) during the 2021-22 period. From 2014-15 to 2020-21, the sector exhibited a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.93% at constant prices. Likewise, its share in the Agricultural and Allied Sector GVA increased substantially, from 24.32% in 2014-15 to 30.13% in 2020-21, showcasing its growing importance within the agriculture sector(Ministry of Fisheries, Dairying, Government of India). This agriculture and allied sector is a main source of income for two third of the rural household in India. Additionally, it employs about 8.8 per cent of the workforce in India. India has an abundance of cattle. The cattle industry alone contributes 4.11 percent and 25.6 percent of the agricultural GDP (Pandey et al., 2024). The sector is unique in terms of employment opportunities as two-third of female workforce in rural India is engaged in farm animals rearing (Vijayalakshmy et al., 2023).
Moreover, the farm animals industry is significant because it is responsible for the creation of organic inputs such as manure and agricultural waste, which is used as animal food. A significant contribution to the fight against malnutrition, particularly among children and women, is made by the consumption of farm animals products such as milk, meat, and eggs, which are abundant in vital nutrients (Kumari, 2024). According to 20th livestock census, the total population of India is 536.76 million in numbers where cattle accounts for the highest share having 36.04% (193.46 million) followed by goat which is having 27.74% (148.88 million) share and third place occupied by the buffaloes with having 20.47% (109.85 million) share. And if we see the scenario of Assam, the total farm animals population is 180.77 million where cattle occupying 60% (109.09 lacs) of the total population share, followed by goat with 24% (43.15 lacs) and then followed by pig with 12% (20.09 lacs) and so on.
Climate: an emerging cause
The climate of an area can affect different aspect of the farm animals by bringing changes in the health of the animal, the productivity of the animal. This climate factor can also determine the type of feed to be given to the animal and what diseases we have to be taken care of during their lifecycle. According to World Meteorological Organisation, Climate is the average weather conditions for a particular area or location over a long period of time. Generally uses 30 years period to determine the average climate of an area or a region. Global phenomenon, i.e. Climate Change is affecting the farm animals, according to United Nation Framework Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC), Climate Change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. Climate resilience is very important to survive to these changes in the climate. Resilience means the capacity of social, economic ecosystems to cope with a hazardous trend or disturbance, responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain their essential function, identity, structure as well as biodiversity in case of ecosystems while also maintaining the capacity for adjustment, learning and transformation (IPCC). Climate Resilience is the capacity to predict, prepare, recover and adopt to effect of frequent climatic variations (Singh et. al). Climate-smart agriculture/ climate resilient agriculture or farm animals production is a technique for restructuring and reorienting agricultural growth in response to changing climate circumstances. Its objective of food security and development is based on three interconnected pillars: productivity, flexibility, and reduction of harmful effects (Charles and Onkundi, 2021).
Significance of climate among the livestock:-
Importance of climate to our farm animals can be studied through several important points. Like Regulation of Homoeothermy or Homeostasis. Animals can express to their full genetic potential within a short range of temperature known as Thermo-Neutral Zone, where two limits (upper critical limit and lower critical limit) are there. In countries like India, which fallen under tropical or sub-tropical climate zone, the upper critical limit is important and maintenance of homoeothermy is important for survival of the animals. The THI value of 72 is most adequate for optimum milk production (Patra, 2014). Climate can also determine the type of feed & animal feed should be sawed and the production or availability of that animal feed in an area or region. Drought condition or erratic rainfall patterns can affect the production capacity of the pasture. Livestock also requires a substantial amount of water for drinking, hygiene and other day to day farm works. Climate change effects can also impact in the availability of water in an area. Climate stress or heat stress can lower the feed intake of the animal leads to lower the weight gain ultimately leads to reduced milk production. Also high temperature can lower conception rates, increases early embryonic deaths leading to lower the reproduction performances. Climate of a region can influence the designing of the shelters, ventilation patterns and cooling systems. Seasonal climatic changes require adaptive manage mental practices. Both the warmer and wetter climate can aid in the disease outbreak like F.M.D, H.S. etc. and the life-cycle of the parasites get lengthened. Unpredictable climate increases different costs of farms (feed, water, veterinary care) which will affect the income of the farmers. Climate also threatens the livelihood security of the small and marginal farmers. Livestock also human-caused source of methane, nitrous dioxide gases, which contributes to climate change events.(Vaiknoras et. al.,2024 and Husen et.al.,2022)
Reasons for changes in climate:-
There are mainly six reasons cited by the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, and G.O.I. The first one is Fossil fuel use, burning of the fossil fuels releases large amount of carbon dioxide, almost 80% of the greenhouse gases emissions come from the burning of coal, natural gas and oil accounts for 3/4th of carbon dioxide, 1/5th of methane, and large quantities of nitrous oxide emissions. Moreover, the vehicle used by humans can release 1.7 billion tones of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere/year.(Shibata and Tearada, 2010) Second reason is Industrialization. It increases the fossil fuel use both from energy consumption and industrial processes. Cement production contributes 5-10% of global carbon dioxide emissions. Coal based power plant accounts for 65% of SO2 emissions. CFC used in cooling purposes and manufacturing plastic foams responsible for Ozone layer depletion. Third one is waste and wastewater mismanagement. Billions of plastic waste (about 85%) ended up in the landfills which is a major source of methane emissions. IPCC estimated that landfills contributed 18% i.e. 9-70% metric tons annually to global methane emissions. Methane also released during wastewater transport, treatment, and sludge digestion. Open waste burning release methane, carbon dioxide causing air pollution. Another reason is commercialization. In 2004, survey found that, direct emissions from buildings (carbon dioxide) are increasing at 8.6 Gt/year which is nearly 25% of global carbon dioxide emissions. Cooling & refrigeration accounts over 15% of building related emission. Plants absorb 6.1 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide annually (IPCC, 2014). Deforestation driven by agriculture, urban expansion can release around 5,800 metric tons of carbon dioxide/year. Agriculture and animal Husbandry sector contributes good amount of greenhouse gases into atmosphere. Overuse of fertilizer is responsible for single share highest direct greenhouse gases emissions equals to 2.1 billion tons of carbon dioxide annually. About 1/4th of the total GH4 emissions come from domesticated animals through digestion process and defecating. Around 15-20% of total emissions released from paddy field when flooded. Because soil becomes anaerobic due to coverage of water above the ground. In this condition, methane producing bacteria get activated and they decompose the organic matter of soil and release methane into the atmosphere(Pankaj et al., 2018). Deforestation due to cultivation like Jhum cultivation technique can lead to burning of forest cover lead to various harmful gas productions leading to pollution.
Impact of climate change on livestock:-
Livestock may get impacted directly or indirectly due to the climate changes. Climate change can reduce the metabolic efficiency through exposure of high temperature thereby animals spent more energy in body temperature control processes like sweating, panting leaving less energy for growth purposes and milk production. Due to increase of high temperature, physiological and behavioral responses are insufficient to maintain thermal balance and the animal try to restrict the feed intake to reduce the internal heat. Increase in enteric methane production due to increasing temperature will enhance the gross energy loss and will lead to negative energy balance in the body of the animal. Also abrupt environment change can reduce the conception rates. Stressful environment reduce the blood flow to embryos leading to killing of them. Moreover, in summer, silent heat is a major problem in India which can lower the conception rates. The libido and semen quality also affected by heat stress. High temperature increase rate of growth of pathogens and parasites during life-cycle and affect the farm animals adversely. Increase in frequency of floods and droughts will affect the incidence of several parasitic, viral, bacterial diseases ultimately lower the immunity. (Frumhoff et al.,2006)
The indirect impact of climate change on the farm animals are, increase temperature increases lignin formation in the plant tissue sand thereby reducing the digestibility and rate of degradation of animal feed inside the rumen leads to nutrient unavailability in the rumen and reduced production. The surface water and the ground water availability is severely affected due to climate changes and it is affecting the production of animals. The climate change influences are more severely seen in the poor people as they are very much dependent in the natural resources for their livelihood. Climate change also increases the competition among the farmers as they compete for the fertile lands and irrigation water. Pastoralists also struggle for find enough animal feed lands and grazing lands. The estimated annual loss in milk production due to heat stress is nearly 2% of total milk production in India. The negative impact of temperature rise on total milk production for India has been estimated about 1.6 million tons by 2020 & more than 15 million tons by 2050 (Srivastava,2010). India reported a shortage of feed & animal feed to the tune of 40% dry animal feed, 36% green animal feed and 52% concentrate on dry matter basis(DAHDF, 2014). Department of animal husbandry fishery and dairying estimated that 20-30% of all animal breeds assessed so far would be at high risk of extinction with a rise of 2.5 degree of temperature. (Ghahramani and Moore, 2013).
Mitigation of effects due to changes in climate:-
To mitigate these climate changes, climate resilient farm animals farming or climate smart farm animals production is performed. Climate resilient farm animals production has 3 main components, they are Food security (to meet the challenges of food security), adjustment (adapt and build resilience to climate change), reduction of harmful effects (to mitigate the green house gas emissions). These 3 objectives can be achieved through different strategies.
Strategies:- Feeding management, where incorporation of good quality green forage during summer, increasing the nutrient density with concentrate, feeding properly chaffed dry animal fodder, hydration of dry straws during hot dry period, sowing improved varieties of pasture, high yielding grasses and more digestible forages. Intensification of pasture production, wetting of straws can be done. Feed additives like antioxidants, minerals, plant products used in high producers can be given. (Easterling and Apps, 2005)
Then improved animal housing can be a good measure. Like, Provision of open space for ventilation and good space per animal for proper micro-environment. House should be in the proper direction(For dairy long axis in North-South direction). Houses should be well maintained and well drained or have dry bedding and easy to clean. Well ventilation should be there for air circulation and removal of dust and gases. Houses should have isolation pens for different types of animals for their utmost comfort and diseased animals also. (Patra, 2014)
Heat ameliorative measures are Use of water to bring down the micro-environmental temperatures within the animal shelters & increase the evaporative heat loss from animal body. Availability of community shelters in areas of grazing under extensive system to take rest during peak hot hours is another preventive measure. Shelters in flood areas can save morbidity and mortality losses.(Shibata and Tearada, 2010)
Use of weather forecasting system is very important to enable the farmers to take preventive measures to protect the animals from extreme weather events like heat wave, cold wave, heavy precipitation events like thunderstorm, cyclone, flood and disease outbreaks. Grazing management through Rehabilitation of degraded lands as grazing lands. Rotational or periodic grazing can be performed which reduces methane emissions per unit of LWG. Land tenure reforms are there to deal with encroachment of cultivated lands (IGFRI, 2013).
Different types of animal breeding are performed to create a better progeny. They are Selective Breeding which Involves selection of animals with desirable traits and breeding them to enhance the qualities in future generations. The focus is on identifying and promoting these indigenous breeds based on their adaptive traits. Then, Cross breeding which combines the strengths of indigenous breeds with the productivity traits of exotic breeds. This approach aims to produce animals that not only have enhanced productivity but also retain the resilience traits of local breeds. Another type i.e., Community based Breeding involves local communities in the breeding process to ensure breeds developed are suited to specific needs and conditions of the area. Farmers are trained to improve selection, community flocks are pooled to enlarge the gene pool from breeding sires can be selected, and recording system monitors the performance of individual animals leading to continuous genetic improvement. This method is performed in scientific way as Bioclimatic Zone based Livestock production. Here the preferences of the farmers taken into consideration for prioritization of breeds. Four qualities are considered- Survivability, Production, Fertility, and Productivity. Selection should probably focus on chronic environmental stress. For example, farmers in UP and Haryana have opted predominantly for buffalo rearing instead of cattle. In Punjab farmers opted for crossbreed cattle and now keen to rear pure HF. Pig rearing is predominant in North east region. Sheep rearing is increasing southern part particularly Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka. (Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, 2018)
For transfer of technology, need to have a village level decision support system to extend the help to farmers to resolve their day today issues regarding feeding, reproduction problems and other management practices. (Central Research Institute for dry land Agriculture, 2018)
Some modernized food structures like, Methane production tend to be lower when forages are ensiled than dried. Grinding or pellet making of forages improves the utilization of feed and decrease methane emissions shown to decrease methane losses per unit of feed intake by 20-40% when fed. Compounds like condensed tannins, probiotics, acetogens, bacterocins, organic acids, and ionophore antibiotics (like monensin) have been used to decrease methanogenesis in rumen. New approaches are Vaccination against methanogens, plant derived liquid (PDL), Yeast derived surfactant (YDS) has been found to reduce rumen methane production. Supplementation of protected fat to by-pass rumen microbial degradation can improve production and decrease in emission of enteric methane. (Davis, 2019)
Improvement in disposal of farm yard manure and its use for biogas production and use of biogas slurry as fish feed can reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Promotion of agro-forestry, silvi-pasture, horti-pasture, integration of animal feed trees with cropped land also on borders of water bodies help in increased green animal feed and reduction in methane emissions.
Role of extension activities in climate resilience:-
Extension efforts are also plays a pivotal role in checking the greenhouse gases emissions into the environment. Before doing anything, a situation analysis is important to review the situation. It is most important step to understand real and ground level situation which involves collection, compilation, analysis of facts in a situation to identify local needs, interest, problems, and priorities. It is necessary to Studying facts and trends about climate change, Identifying problems & opportunities based on these facts and trends, making decisions about problems and opportunities related to farm animals, helping in objective setting to solve the climate induced problem. Methods of doing situation analysis are focused group discussions, SWOT analysis, rapid rural appraisal (RRA), participatory rural appraisal (PRA), and household survey. (Balasubramani and Dixit, 2016). After these methods, there are possible techniques employed by extension workers to tackle the situation.
Techniques:- Posters, display board to create awareness among general people and other stakeholders to aware about climate change.
Using public addressal system in crucial climate circumstances or agro-advisory services. Used in dissemination of urgent information about natural calamities. Meetings of climate groups where men and women of small groups are there to discuss about different aspect of climate interventions and form groups to mitigate them. Then Exposure trips stimulate farmers to adopt these reduction of harmful effects measures, resulting in proper climate smart agricultural implementation. Workshops on climate change can be arranged to combat the effects of climate changes. We can employ demonstration approach to educate the progressive farmers to educate by seeing and doing. We can also Focus on education of farmers & use of various methods- exposure visits, field days, radio & TV programs, film shows, leaflets and posters to educate them. Capacity building of trainers who work in field can be done. Important motive of this method is trained person can better disseminate knowledge via training to farmers. Use of smart phones, videos, radios etc. was done to address the climate change issues by creating awareness among farmers (Prajapati et al., 2025).
There are climate farmer’s field schools which is Non-formal, participatory extension technique that prioritizes farmers & their need via experience learning. Allowing them to learn new skills and knowledge by discussing their observations (Van den Berg et al., 2020). Creation of Climate Smart villages can be done. It is a Concept of climate resilient village. It is done to provide stability to farm productivity & household incomes &resilience through livelihood diversification in the face of extreme climatic events like droughts, cyclones, floods, hailstorms, heat waves, frost, seawater inundation. Here, Institutions like Village Climate Risk Management Committee (VCRMC), Custom Hiring Center (CHC) are there (Rao et al., 2016).
People can be educated about the climate. Climate clubs can be constructed. At the state and district level, creation of post of monsoon managers can be done. Person as climate managers at village level to disseminate information should be done. Village knowledge centers in every village should be there. Partnership with govt. agencies, scientific institution can be a great option. Government can give Incentives to farmers for switching over to resource conservation technologies. (Phand and Pankaj, 2021)
Conclusion & Suggestions:-
Climate resilient farm animals production refers to the development and adjustment of practices, systems and technologies that help farm animals farming adapt to and mitigate the adverse effects of climate change. It emphasizes improving animal health, productivity and welfare while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving natural resources, and enhancing the resilience of rural households. Strategies include promoting heat and disease tolerant breeds, improving feeding and water management, integrating agro forestry and silvi-pasture systems, and enhancing early warning and extension services. This approach not only sustains farm animals based economies but also ensures food security and environmental sustainability in the face of increasing climate variability.
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