Protected Nutrient Technology and Its  Impacts on Ruminants

Protected Nutrient Technology and Its  Impacts on Ruminants

 

 

Introduction

Protected nutrient technology is one such approach, involving feed management by which the dietary nutrients such as fat and protein are protected from hydrolysis, allowing these nutrients to bypass rumen and get digested absorbed from the lower tract. It is also called as bypass nutrients technology.

The total dietary protein taken by animal from this 40 % of true dietary protein escapes rumen digestion and goes to intestine while rest of 60% and all other dietary non protein nitrogen (NPN) along with recycled nitrogen through saliva and amount entering across wall contribute to ammonia pool and synthesize microbial protein and some part of ammonia absorbed in rumen and reticulum.

The dietary protein which is taken by animal is acted by the rumen microbes where they synthesize microbial protein. These microbial protein is enough to meet the requirement of low yielder up to 5 litres per day and maintenance requirements of animal but if the demand is high and animal is actively growing that time animal are required extra undegradable protein source of that meet the requirement of animal are called as rumen undegradable protein, rumen escape protein or by-pass protein.

Method of Protein Protection

1. Esophageal groove closure
2. Post ruminal infusion
3. Heat treatment
4. Chemical treatment like Tannin and Formaldehyde
5. Protection of amino acids
6. Use of Amino Acid Analogues
7. Use of encapsulated amino acid
8. Naturally protected source of protein
9. Lowering ruminal protease activity
10. Decreasing retention time in rumen

 

1. Oesophageal groove closure

Extension of the esophagus from cardiac to reticulo-omasal orifice this forms the groove through which liquid diet such as milk straightly reaches to abomasum. This is called conditional reflex seen in young calves during suckling and drinking but as age advances this reflex diminishes so in adult animal it can be stimulated by feeding of copper sulphate or salts of sodium and zinc.

2. Post ruminal infusion

In this method protein or amino acids are directly infused in abomasums or duodenum by forming a fistula. Generally sulphur containing amino acids or casein is placed in fistula which found that improvement in milk yield and dry matter intake of the animal is increased.

3. Heat treatment

Dry heating at more than 100°C at various exposure time reduce the microbial degradation.

• 150°C for 2 hrs -GNC (Senger, 1998)
• 100°C for 30 second- Soybean (Walli and sirohi, 2004)

Heating of protein source leads to denaturation of protein and mask the active site of protein where microbial activity occur and form the cross linking between C-C or C-N atoms.

4. Binding with tannin

Tannin is naturally occurring phenolic compounds. These are Hydrolysable & Condensed tannin.

Tannin- protein complex not degraded in the rumen and dissociate when only fall in pH below 3 in abomasum or above pH 8 in duodenum. Hydrolysable tannin used @ 2-4 % level. Sorghum constitutes tannin so have natural protection of protein. Tree forage are rich in condensed tannin which bind with protein and form a complex can be used as by pass protein after considering certain detoxification of tannin.

 

5. Formaldehyde treatment

Formaldehyde (40%) @ 1.0–1.5% on cake, for hay (1.5-2.0%) and for silage (3-5%) is sprayed  in a closed chamber then it is sealed in plastic beg for 8 days so formalin get absorbed on the cake particles and form the cross links with amino group and protect from microbial degradation and  proteolytic enzymes. As feed is taken, in acidic pH abomasum this bonds are loosened and proteins are free for digestion. This is most efficient method used as

• Protect essential amino acids available for tissue protein synthesis
• Formaldehyde is degraded to CO₂ and H₂O in the liver.
• Milk safe for human consumption as no trace of formalin detected in milk.
• Reduces glucosinolate of mustard cake.
• Improvement in growth performance and improvement in milk yield and quality.

(Chatterjee and Walli, 2003)

• Various studies showed that, formaldehyde treatment is efficient and cheaper method to protect the protein source from highly degradable cakes in the rumen (Walli,2005)

 

6. Encapsulation of protein

Encapsulation of Proteins is usually done for good Biological value proteins and for individual amino acids. Rumen protected lysine, rumen protected niacin, and rumen protected choline and encapsulated Vitamin-C are the examples of rumen encapsulated protein. They can be given the form of capsule with a combination of fats or fatty acids sometimes by addition of carbonate, kaolin, lecithin and glucose.

https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/management-of-transition-animals-by-feeding-rumen-protected-glucose-an-innovative-feed-supplement/

7. Amino Acids Analogs

Structural manipulation of amino acids to create resistance to ruminal degradation is another potential method for rumen by-pass of amino acids. Methionine is most limiting amino acid of lactating cow. Role of methionine in metabolism of fat in the liver.  Analogs such as Methionine hydroxy analogue Ca(MHA), N-acetyl-DL- Methionine, DL-Homocysteine thiolactone-Hcl, DL- Homocysteine, etc. have given satisfactory results in high yielders.

In lactation feed 25 to 30 gram daily or 0.2 to 0.25% of grain mixture can be given during early lactation per day in high producing cows.

 

8. Naturally protected protein source

The protein supplements could be categorized as

High bypass protein feed (60-80%) undegradable protein examples are fish meal, blood meal, meat meal.

Intermediate bypass protein feed (30-60%) undegradable protein examples are cotton and linseed meal.

low bypass protein feed (10-30%) undegradable protein examples are soybean seed meal, sun flower seed meal, rape seed meal.

 

9. Lowering ruminal protease activity

In this method proteolytic activity of the certain bacteria is depressed by using antibiotics so that reduce the protein degradation within the rumen.

 

 

Time to feed rumen bypass protein

• More beneficial when the animal’s requirement for protein is not met through microbial protein
• In early lactation period of high yielders (15 kg/day)
• In rapidly growing (1 kg/day) calves
• Animals thriving on poor quality roughages
• Stressed animals

Bypass protein feed can be given as top feed @one kg per day per animal or  incorporated in diet @25% of maximum inclusion in cattle feed  and this  can be fed 4 to 5 kg per day depend on level of production.

 

Advantage of feeding bypass protein

• The average growth rate and milk production was increased by 15-25 and 10-15%, respectively.
• The feeding of bypass protein (56% UDP) improves the reproductive performance first service conception rate and over all pregnancy rate considerably in lactating cows and early maturity in both male and female animals.
• This improves FCR and cost of maintenance of young calves.
• Condensed tannins act as natural dewormer without any residual effect.
• Bypassing amino acids like arginine, glutamine and cysteine can enhance immune responses these amino acids regulate activation B lymphocyte,T lymphocyte natural and killer cells.
• Bypass protein may help to provide the required supply of amino acids to growing animals
• Few studies have reported positive impact of feeding bypass nutrients on growth and nutrient utilization of buffalo calves.
• Better resistance against disease and increases net daily income.

Composition of bypass protein feed

 

 

CHARACTERISTICS	% DM Basis
Moisture, percent by mass (max)	10
CP(N 6.25), percent by mass ( min)	30
Ether extract,  percent by mass (min)	3.5
Crude fiber , percent by mass ( max)	8
Acid insoluble ash percent by mass ( max)	2.5
UDP , percent by mass (min)	20
RDP, percent by mass (max)	9

 

 

SOURCE: – NDDB

Rumen protected fat / Bypass fat

The requirement of energy is very high after parturition and in early lactation so due to this animal enters into negative energy challenged phase. The requirement of deficit energy during this phase can be met by   densified source of energy as bypass fat that supplies 2.25 times energy. Addition of bypass fat incorporates of fatty acid into milk fat. This also prevents dustiness of feed

Feeding Ca soaps of fatty acids to high producing lactating cows resulted in higher milk and milk fat production (Sklan et al., 1991).

Limitation of high fat in diet

• dairy animal can digest 5-7% of fat in diet (Palmquist, 1992). Fat in dairy Ration should be 3% fat ,maximum 6-7% DM (NRC, 2001)
• Excess Dietary (rumen active) Fat: Lower intestinal absorption of fat at high intake and also depress dry matter intake.
• Decrease fiber digestion and rumen fermentation by coating of fibrous portion of diet with lipids.
• Formation of complexes as mineral-fatty acid complex so that leads to reduction of essential minerals supply to body.

Methods of Fat Protection                                                                                                                      

1. Natural Dietary Rumen Protected Fat: Oils seed have natural protection due to hard outer seed cover example cottonseed and full fat soya.                          2.  Crystalline or Hydrogenation of fat                                                                                                                           3. Formaldehyde treatment of oil seeds                                                                                                                       4. Calcium salt of long chain fatty acids a) Fusion Method b) Double decomposition method

Out of all these methods calcium salt of fatty acid is most common method because they are cheaper and more effective. Calcium Salt of Fatty acids is good source of digestible calcium, which can replace some supplemental dietary calcium as well

• Crystalline or Hydrogenation of fat

In this method saturated fatty acids are first liquefied and sprayed the solution under pressure into cool atmosphere so dried prilled fatty acid are produced.  Due to high melting point this remain solid at room to rumen temperature (39  ͦC) and melts at above 50 ºC so remain inert in rumen and digestible in small intestine.

• Formaldehyde treatment of oil seeds

In this method crushed oilseeds are treated with formaldehyde @1 to 1.2 % in plastic bags or silo for a week so the internal fatty acid content of oilseeds is protected from Lipolysis or Bio-hydrogenation.

• Calcium salt of fatty acids

1. Fusion method

In this method fatty acids heated with calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide in the presence of catalyst in closed vessel so a hard mass of calcium saponified salts is obtained.

Indigenous Method (Prafulla kumar Naik et al (2013):

• 4 kg rice bran oil is heated in aluminum vessel.
• Add 1.6 kg calcium hydroxide dissolved in 10 liter of water.
• Boil for 30 minute without cover.
• Filter through cloth.
• Sun dried Product contains 70-75% fat, 7-8% Ca, 80-85% rumen protected fat.

1. Double decomposition method

In this method fat source is heated in a metal container. Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is added to melted fat source with constant stirring till the fatty acid is dissolved now calcium chloride solution is added slowly with constant stirring this cause precipitation of calcium soap which can be dried at cool temperature and ground to mix in ration.

Properties of Ca soap; – Inert, if pH remains more than 5.5 where as in acidic pH of abomasum ca-soap dissociate and then absorbed efficiently from small intestine.                                                                  Limitations:  Pungent Soapy taste and poor palatability.

Benefits of Feeding By-pass Fat

• Formulate more-balanced rations.
• Reduced risk of ketosis and fatty liver syndrome.
• Minimize body wt. loss after calving.
• Progesterone production and secretion is enhanced by fat supplementation because this stimulates the synthesis of its precursor, cholesterol.
• Higher bypass fat diets produce more viable oocytes effects.
• During early lactation negative energy balance which adversely affecting reproductive efficiency by increasing incidence of anestrous, and altering patterns of follicular development so feeding bypass improves the overall productive efficiency of animals.
• Use of bypass fat increased levels of serum immunoglobulin like Ig A, Ig G and Ig M and production of antibodies, cytokines.

Rate and Feeding of bypass fat

Some commercial preparation like Dairylac, Magnapac , Megalac etc. can be given to ruminants.

Dose rate 0.4 to 0.8kg/cow/day or 10 gram per liter /day in the post-calving ration should be incorporated gradual into the ration over a few days

Bypass starch

Feeding of bypass starch can reduce excess production of lactic acid in rumen, which otherwise inhibits fibre digestion due to acidic pH condition in the rumen. Thus, starch which escapes rumen fermentation, is digested in the small intestines produces glucose, which after absorption is more efficiently used as energy source by the animals, compared to lactic / propionic acid absorbed from rumen.

Chelated minerals

Chelate is cyclic compound which is formed between an organic molecule and metallic ion.  Zinc, Manganese and Chromium chelated minerals are important for dairy cow for optimum production.

Conclusion

In rumen fermentation there is unnecessary loss of dietary essential amino acids which need to be protected to meet the requirements of animal. Considering the Indian scenario energy and protein both their requirements are difficult to meet in certain areas so getting proper output and potential from the animal protected nutrient technology has proven as boon to the feed technology. It is found that feeding of bypass nutrient has shown greatest impact on production of mid to high yielder and also early maturity of young animals.

Refrence:-

1. Palmquist,D.L.,andT.C,Jenkins(1980).Fat in lactation ratuons. A review,J.Dairy Sci.,71:3302.
2. Chatterjee, A. and T.K. Walli, 2003. Effect of formaldehyde treatment on effective protein degradability and in vitropost-ruminal digestibility of mustard cake.
3. Applied nutrition second edition D.V. Reddy.
4. Principles Of Animal Nutrition And Feed Technology Second Edition  V.REDDY
5. Naik  P K, Saijpaul S and Rani Neelam 2009 Effect of ruminally protected fat on in vitro fermentation and apparent nutrient digestibility in buffaloes. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 153(1): 68-76
6. NRC 2001 Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. Ed. National Academy Press,  Washington, DC, USA.
7. A Text Book Of Animal Husbandry By G.C.Benergy    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343481921_Bypass_nutrient_technology_with_recent_advances_for_enhancing_animal_production_A_review
   

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                              Jitendra Kumar Sharma^{*, 1}     •Sheela Choudhary¹   • Monika Karnani¹    •Manju¹

   ¹Department of Animal Nutrition, PGIVER, Jaipur, Rajasthan, INDIA 302031

   *drjitendrasharma160@gmail.com