RECYCLING OF BIOWASTE EGGSHELLS INTO VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS:APPLICATION OF EGGSHELL WASTE AS VALUABLE & UTILIZABLE PRODUCTS
An eggshell on an average is composed with 2.2 g of calcium in the form of CaCO3. An estimate of around 98.2% of dry shell constitutes CaCO3, and 0.9% of each magnesium and phosphorous are the composition of eggshell. The chemical composition of chicken eggshells has been well researched upon. Elemental and ultra-structural analysis revealed heterogeneous distribution of minerals throughout the thickness of the shell. Concentration of calcium, magnesium, and sodium were higher in inner layer of the shell before hatching. Eggshells offer wide range of applications in varied sectors such as in nutrition, art works, construction, fertilizers, and medicine it is speculated to be the better source of calcium than limestone. Eggshells have been reported has an alternative source for soil stabilizing agent. Eggshell is a solid waste, with production of several tons per day. Eggshell is mostly sent to the landfill with a high management cost. It is economical to transform the eggshell waste to create new values from these waste materials. The present article is an attempt to summarize the possible applications of eggshell. The eggshell waste can be used (a) at biodiesel production as a solid base catalyst used for biodiesel pollutants minimization, reducing the production costs of biodiesel and making the process of biodiesel production fully ecological and environment-friendly; (b) as an absorbent of heavy metals from wastewater as it is a serious environmental problem in the ecosystem; (c) as biomaterial in order to replace bone tissues due to the rise in the number of patients; (d) as a fertilizer and calcium supplement in nutrition for human, animals, plants, etc.
It is used as fertilizer supply for calcium. The acidity of soil can be reduced with the utilization of calcium from eggshell. The waste eggshells were reported to be a good adsorbent of humidity. CaO was produced when the eggshells were heated at 1300oC for four hours. The difference in hydration rate of CaO produced from heating of duck and chicken eggshells were investigated, where duck eggshells showed higher adsorption of humidity
Uses of Eggshell Powder
Use eggshells as a calcium- and mineral-rich additive to wild bird feed and chicken feed.
Add them to ground coffee before brewing. The shells help reduce any bitterness.
As a soil additive for houseplants, they add minerals and help keep soil loose and aerated.
Use those shells with soapy water as a natural abrasive for pots and pans, especially when cleaning products and really hot water are at a premium.
Bake clean eggshells at 350 degrees for 8 minutes. Let cool and grind to a fine powder. Add as a calcium supplement (a teaspoonful does it) to juice, smoothies, etc.
Add to your garden to keep cats away that may be using it as a litter box. Cats will not like the sharpness under their tender paws. Their smell can also reportedly deter deer and repel slugs, snails, and cutworms without resorting to toxic chemicals. Maybe tantamount to that, mineral-charged eggshells can be crushed and scattered into each hole before planting.
Unclog drains: Placed in your sink strainer, they can trap errant solids. When they ultimately break down, they will serve to clean pipes on their way out.
Doggie defense: Dry eggshells in a 250-degree F oven for 30 minutes. Place in plastic bag and roll/crush with a rolling pin to a fine powder. Add to dog food as a supreme calcium supplement (be sure to check with your vet for the proper amount).
Market Outlook
India’s egg products industry relies almost completely on exports of egg powder, with the main markets being Europe and Japan. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu account for almost half of the country’s egg production.
The largest producer of the egg is Andhra Pradesh (Including Telangana) which produces 30.5% of the total egg production in the country. Tamil Nadu ranks second, producing 18.9% of the egg production. Maharashtra, West Bengal and Haryana hold the next three ranks producing 6.5%, 6.4% and 5.8% of the total production respectively. Gujarat ranks 11th in the country in terms of egg production, contributing about 2.1%.
The eggshell membrane powder market is expected to grow at a CAGR of ~13% during the forecast period 2019-2029. The market is primarily driven by the increase in the adoption of the eggshell membrane as an ingredient in dietary supplements.
The rise in consumption of eggshell membrane majorly in the capsule form is driving the market growth
The capsules segment, on the basis of product, dominated the eggshell membrane market in 2019. With the majority of key players supplying eggshell membrane in capsule form and its rising use as nutraceuticals, the demand for eggshell membranes is projected to remain high. In addition, the acceptance of capsules among consumers remains high as compared to tablets, processed powders, and gummies & chews.
There is a major shift noted worldwide towards natural product. This will lead to demand for eggshell membranes as both pharmaceutical and beauty industry embrace it whole heartedly. The idea behind the high adoption of this product is not just that it is natural but also because of properties such as high levels of hyaluronic acid, keratin and elastin. These are not just great for skin and hair bringing in the critical element of hydration and elasticity but also joint health as it is a source of dietary calcium, proteins, enzymes and acids.
Use of Egg Membrane Powder in the Medical Field
Egg membrane could also be used in the medical field for bone grafting i.e. preparing artificial bones, and replacing other plastic and steel materials used in manufacturing of artificial bone. Usage of artificial egg membrane powder-based bones is more preferable, due to its calcium content, which resembles the human bone constituents. It is also used in drug-delivery therapy. The nano-particles of eggshell are also used in drug-delivery systems, thus, accelerating the market demand.
Agricultural bio-waste has been a known concept. However, increasing awareness about the associated health benefits are recently rendering them an attractive market value. With emerging applications across agricultural, biological, and environmental engineering domains, agricultural by-products are climbing up the popularity scale. Powdered eggshell membrane is among one of the high-potential members in this category, which is gaining widespread recognition across various end use sectors.
Egg Shall Powder Manufacturing/Processing Unit.
An eggshell is that the hard, outer covering of an egg. It consists mostly of calcium carbonate, a standard variety of calcium. The remainder is formed from protein and other minerals. Calcium is an important mineral that’s abundant in many foods, including dairy products. Lower amounts also are found in many leafy and root vegetables. Eggshell powder processed from hen eggs has been used as a natural calcium supplement.
Eggshells are one in every of the solid wastes within the world and are considered hazardous consistent with European Commission regulations. The use of solid wastes, like eggshells, will help create a sustainable environment by minimizing the solid wastes that are disposed into the environment.
Cosmetics with ‘natural’ ingredients have captured a fanatical space on retail shelves, which may be attributed to the continual assessment and re-assessment of products, by consumers. Eggshell membrane powder comprises a large number of collagen types, like hyaluronic acid, elating, and keratin, which contribute to the general attributes of eggshell membrane powder, including hydration and elasticity.
Eggshell waste generated by the food processing industry alone amounts to thousands of tons per annum.
This waste is buried or used as an agricultural fertilizer and neutralizing agent. In most cases, hatcheries and corporations that break eggs to gather the albumen and yellow must pay to dispose of the shells, since they are not used or processed.
Eggshell waste includes the shell and a membrane that separates the shell from the albumen (the white).
These materials consist of
- 94% to 97% calcium carbonate;
- 3% to 6% protein;
- 1% various minerals (including magnesium, potassium and traces of iron, sulphur and phosphorus).
Benefits & Uses of Eggshell Powder
Ø Makes Face Glow and Radiant
Ø Makes Hair Grow and Glossy
Ø Can be used as Fertilizer
Ø As a Calcium Supplement
Ø As Teeth Whitener
You can also use only the Powder: Rub it against your teeth every morning. Egg shells contain calcium and other minerals that strengthen the enamel, makes teeth squeaky clean and eventually even help your teeth fight cavities.
Ø For Skin Treatment
Ø Clear Up Your Skin
Ø Powerful Cleaner
Ø Better Tasting Coffee
Ø Laundry Whitener
Ø Nourishing Face Mask
Ø Treat Skin Irritations
Ø Garden Helper
Ø House Plant Booster
Ø Make Your Own Powdered Calcium Supplement
Egg Shell Powder Applications
Egg Shell Powder in Concrete
Fine Aggregate in Concrete
Egg Shell Powder Composites
Eggshell powder – application as pharmaceutical excipient in tablet
Effect of egg shells powder on properties of natural rubber
Pesticides removal from aqueous media
Clinical Trial – health supplement
Egg Industry
The Egg Products
From Egg to Products
Eggshells and Inedible Egg Products
Uses of Poultry Eggshells and Shell Membranes
Egg powder manufacturers
Eggshell Characteristics and Competitive Advantages
Eggshell waste includes the shell and a membrane that separates the shell from the albumen (the white). These materials consist of
94% to 97% calcium carbonate;
- 3% to 6% protein;
- 1% various minerals (including magnesium, potassium and traces of iron, sulphur and phosphorus).
The body is able to absorb the calcium found in eggshells more quickly and in larger quantities than synthetic or marine-based calcium, which can be contaminated with PCBs or heavy metals. Also, bovine calcium is prohibited in Canada. Furthermore, the shell’s internal membrane is made up partly of collagen, whose commercial value is over $1,000 per gram.
Manufacturing Process
The egg powder manufacturing process starts with the eggshell as raw material procured from the market.
The eggshells are washed the water by dipping in the tank or by the spraying the water on it.
The cleaned eggshell is subjected to heat up to 350°C for about 1 hour in the furnace,
After cooling down, the eggshell is grinded in the grinder.
Pack in the bags and send to store / sale.
Market Outlook
Egg may be a highly nutritious product. Eggs are rich in protein, vitamins and minerals. The poultry sector has made tremendous progress within the last decade. It’s grown into an organized and highly productive industry. Fresh eggs have a really limited time period. To enhance the shelf life and for simple storage and usage egg powder is extremely convenient. It quite stable at room temperature and may be stored over longer period. The manufacture of egg powder is a crucial segment of egg consumption. Egg powder is one in every of the most common products in poultry industry within the country.
Asia dominates the worldwide egg production, accounting for around 60% of the overall, followed by Americas and Europe. Asia encompasses five of the highest 10 national producers of eggs, with India and Japan at third and fourth positions within the world ranking. Country wise, China leads the egg production globally, followed by the US and India. However, China’s rate of growth was slow as compared to the expansion achieved by other Asian economies – India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Malaysia. Round the world, consumption of eggs is additionally increasing. This increase is especially notable in developing countries where changing diets have people consuming a greater number of calories from protein sources like poultry meat and eggs.
The eggshell membrane powder market is expected to grow at a CAGR of ~13% during the forecast period 2019-2029. The market is primarily driven by the increase in the adoption of the eggshell membrane as an ingredient in dietary supplements.
The market in Asia Pacific is projected to grow at the highest CAGR from 2020 to 2025
Key factors encouraging the market growth within the Asia Pacific market include the increasing concentration of eggshell membrane manufacturing companies during this region. Additionally, the production of eggs remains the very best across regions, globally leading to lower cost for procuring raw materials to extract the membrane. Hence, the advancements in technologies and therefore the requirement of abundant raw materials have led manufacturers to supply and provide eggshell membranes to varied industries at a competitive price and gain a plus over their competitors in other regions. Furthermore, the increase in awareness regarding the advantages of eggshell membranes in food & beverage, nutraceuticals, and cosmetic & care applications is projected to drive the demand for eggshell membrane, which ends up in high exports from the surplus production of eggshell membranes during this region. Because of these factors, it’s projected to account for a significant share within the Asia Pacific global market.
Global Eggshell Powder Market: Key Trends and Drivers
High adoption in beauty industry will fuel the eggshell membrane powder market as advantages unveil themselves and demand for natural products rise tremendously. This is often especially true for hair and skin products that enjoy the beneficial acids and enzymes the membrane powder is rich in.
Consumers are shifting their wellness approach and selecting healthier products rather than only trying to find functional ingredients. they’re stressing more on natural products and avoiding products that are filled with additives, and stabilizers, even though these products claim to be low-fat. Moreover, consumers aren’t willing to compromise on taste despite following a holistic approach. As a result, consumers are choosing more natural and nutraceutical products made up of eggshell membrane powder.
The pet food supplement industry is an emerging industry, as consumers are getting fonder of their pets and take proper care of their nutrition. So as to make sure that their pets get adequate nutrients, consumers prefer pet food supplements that are organic and natural, to avoid any adverse effects on pets. Egg membrane protein powder is especially utilized in pet supplements to scale back bone disorders and comfort them just in case of seasonal allergies. Hence, this evolving demand for pet supplements is driving the worldwide egg membrane protein powder market.
Eggshell Membrane Powder Market Structure Analysis
The global eggshell membrane powder market represents a fairly consolidated competition landscape, where majority of key players maintain their strategic focus on the development of solid distribution partnerships and joint ventures, targeting a firmer global footprint.
The eggshell membrane powder market has been relatively moderate in size, which remains a key factor for its dynamic competitive nature.
Leading manufacturers of eggshell membrane powder are currently prioritizing R&D and new product launches to resonate with the booming consumption of eco-friendly products in North America, Europe, and China.
Portfolio extension is also identified to remain one of the key developmental strategies adopted by manufacturers of eggshell membrane powder.
For a stronger foothold in target markets, eggshell membrane powder manufacturers will continue to rely on inorganic strategies, such as mergers and acquisitions.
Deeper understanding of the market trends and preferential shifts of end-use segments across various regions are likely to create a bottleneck for prominent players, looking forward to untapped opportunities in the eggshell membrane powder market.
The rising application in nutraceuticals and cosmetic &personal care products has resulted in the prevention of human joint health-related diseases and increased skin nourishment, which is projected to be a key factor encouraging the demand for eggshell membranes. However, various functionalities in industries, such as food & beverage and pharmaceuticals, help in the treatment of various joint and connective tissue disorders and calcium deficiency issues, which also contributes to the overall demand for eggshell membranes. Furthermore, the usage of the eggshell membrane in pet food and health applications remains high due to its properties, thus, encouraging manufacturers to offer innovative products to increase their market share.
Key Players
Few domestic and global players provide eggshell membrane as an ingredient across the world, making it a consolidated market. Major players have their presence in the Asia Pacific region, primarily in China and India, and in the US in North America. Key players operating in this market include Biova LLC (US), Microcore Research Laboratories (India), Ecovatec Solutions (Canada), Eggnovo SL (Spain), Eggbrane (Netherlands), Stratum Nutrition (US), Certified Nutraceuticals Inc (US), Bolise Co Limited (China), Mitushi Biopharma (India), and Kewpie Corporation (Japan).
DR SS PANDEY, POULTRY EXPERT, LIVESTOCK INCUBATION CENTRE, BHU
