Control and Immunoprophylactic Strategies Against  Avian Coccidiosis

   Dr.Jyoti Pahariya¹, Dr.Sarjna Meena²,Dr.Ankita Kumari³,Dr. Priyanka ³,

                                                Dr.Santosh Meena³

Department of Veterinary Parasitology

Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Jaipur

                                  RUVAS,Jobner

   INTRODUCTION

 The poultry industry is one the largest and fastest growing sub-sectors in the field of agriculture that also contributes to the global nutrition (motet and tempio2017) and thus it is also one the major forces of the economy. chicken is one of the most contributory birds in poultry which also contributes to agricultural activities such as the supply of meat and eggs (hald2010). As per the report of “The Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database, known as FAOSTAT, is a comprehensive statistical resource managed by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). It offers a wide range of time series and cross-sectional data on various aspects of food and agriculture. As per the data, India is the second-largest producer of eggs and while fifth-largest producer of meat in the world. the production of eggs in India is rapidly growing as per the data it increased from 78.48 billion during 2014-2015 to 138.38 billion in the year 2022-2023. coccidiosis which is recognized as one of the major parasitic diseases in the poultry industry this parasitic disease is caused by apicomplexan protozoan Eimeria. “the disease majorly impairs the growth and feed utilization in infected birds as a result the infected bird loses its productivity ( convey et al (2005).” coccidiosis has become an epidemic in the country of Ethiopia affecting the young growing birds. “factors that contribute to the outbreak of this disease are said to be little moisture content exceeding the limit of 30% which occurs due to ingress of rain or leaking waterers suboptimal inclusion of anticoccidials or environmental and husbandry stress such as overstocking, inadequate ventilation and incorporative feeding conditions. prevalence of coccidiosis was higher in the young age group of the birds rather than in adult birds the coccidiosis ratio was higher in female birds compared to male birds also the disease was more likely found in the exotic breeds than the local breed. due to this disease, the global poultry industry suffered a $2 billion loss annually.

MANAGEMENT:

to prevent coccidiosis from spreading and becoming an epidemic on the farms they should Maintain good hygiene and sanitation on the farm is essential because disinfectants do not work against coccidian. To prevent birds from defecating or scratching litter into them, waterers and feeders should be placed at the height of the birds’ backs.

 countries like the USA have made a rule that “the removal of caked filters and aeration of poultry houses at an interval of 2-3 weeks and top dressing off with fresh litter before placing the flocks is practiced in the USA” ” On the other hand in European countries and Canada “a complete cleanout between flocks is the most common practice” unlike USA there is no such rule. some basic preventions are given below

(a) “Regularly clean the pens and remove dirty droppings.

(b) Prevent non-infected birds from accessing infected droppings.

© Ensure drinkers are cleaned and sanitized.

(d) Avoid the continuous use of anticoccidial drugs to prevent the emergence of drug-resistant coccidian populations.

(e) It is recommended to use anticoccidial drugs through shuttle programs (using two or more drugs within a single flock) and rotation programs (rotating different compounds between flocks)”.

IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS

It is possible to purposefully infect hens with a low concentration of Eimeria parasites in order to confer protective immunity. Following two or three infections in a row, the birds establish a strong immunity

            Vaccines derived from live, virulent strains:

1. Up to eight Eimeria species may be included in vaccinations for broiler breeders (e.g., Coccivac D, Immucox C2).
2. Only four species are allowed for the broiler sector (e.g., Coccivac B, Immucox C1).
3. Drinking water is used to administer these vaccinations.

Live, Attenuated Strain-Based Vaccines:

• These vaccines feature attenuated lines with reduced proliferative capacity, causing less damage to the intestinal epithelium after one passage through the gut. Examples include Paracox (precocious strains; Shirley and Millard 1986) and Livacox.

     Live, Ionophore Tolerant Strain-Based Vaccines:

• The use of ionophore-tolerant Eimeria strains has advanced anticoccidial vaccine development. A live vaccine that can be used with different ionophores, such as Nobilis COXATM, has been introduced to the market (Schetters et al. 1999).

ANTICOCCIDIALS

1. Synthetic Anticoccidials:

• “These include robenidine, decoquinate, and diclazuril.
  2. Ionophore Anticoccidials:
• Ionophores have a complex mechanism of action and do not induce the same degree of selective pressure on the parasite as synthetic anticoccidials. Currently, six ionophore anticoccidials are used in poultry production: lasalocid, maduramicin, salinomycin, monensin, narasin, and semduramicin.”

Alternative Products and Strategies

Alternative products, such as herbal or fungal extracts, essential oils, steroids, yeasts, organic minerals, and pre-/probiotics, have been investigated in a numberof studies for the management of coccidiosis. For instance, it has been demonstrated that the essential oil Artemisia causes oxidative stress, which lowers the quantity of oocysts in vitro

 REFERENCES

1. Tewari, A.K., Maharana, B.R. Control of poultry coccidiosis: changing trends. J Parasit Dis35, 10–17 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-011-0034-7
2. Eshetu Ketema, Nigussu Fasil. Study on Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Poultry Coccidiosis in and Around Alage at vet College, Southwestern Ethiopia. Dairy and Vet Sci J. 2019; 11(1): 555805. DOI: 19080/JDVS.2019.11.555805
3. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. (2015). Results of livestock research 2015.
4. Stefanie Kadykalo, Tara Roberts, Michelle Thompson, Jeff Wilson, Marcelo Lang, Olivier Espeisse The value of anticoccidials for sustainable global poultry production International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents Volume 51, Issue 3, 2018, Pages 304-310, ISSN 0924-8579, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.09.004

FNB News. (2023, December 23). Achievement of Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying & Ministry of Fisheries. Retrieved from https://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/achievement-of-department-of-animal-husbandry–dairying–ministry-of-fisheries-76243

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