CONCEPT OF IMMUNIZATION & VACCINATION IN LIVESTOCK
Definition of Immunity-The state or quality of being resistant to a particular infectious agent/pathogen/disease through body immune system.
Definition of Active Immunity- It results from the production of Antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an Antigen usually achieved through Vaccination.( Vaccine acts as Antigen to produce Antibody in body)-Here Antigen is administered to body to produce Antibody.
Definition of Passive Immunity- It is short term immunity results from the induction of Antibodies from another individual usually through natural way. (through Milk. consumption/ getting exposure to infection etc.) Here Antibody is administered to body directly.
Primary Immune response- when Antigens first time enter body for production of Antibody against it.
Secondary Immune Response- when Antigens other than first time enter body for production of Antibody against it.
Definition of Vaccine- A substance used to stimulate immunity against a particular pathogen/infectious disease typically prepared from an live attenuated/inactivated/killed/weakened/Toxoid/m RNA/Viral vector/(subunit/recombinant/conjugate/polysaccharide) from the causative agent or from constituents or products.
OR
Treatment or administration of a vaccine in a simple, safe,& effective way to produce immunity against a pathogen .
IMMUNITY ( VACCINATION)
–Louis Pasteur-is called father of Immunology.
Martinus Beijernck-Father of Virus
Dr.Edward Jenner-Father of Vaccine
Dr.Udya Kishore-Father of Indian Immunology
Vaccination eligible Livestock-
- Disease free & healthy
- Stress free( climate, weather, feed scarcity, Disease Out break ,transportation, etc.)
- Deworm & ectoparasite free from 2 weeks before Vaccination
- Follow Vaccine Schedule with Booster doses to keep of Antibody level at desired level
- Maintain Cold Chain of Vaccines ( usually at 2-8 C)
- Maintain Records of Vaccination in details-manufacturing company ,batch number, manufacture date, expiry date, dose, route of vaccination, owner name, type of animal vaccinated with age
- Use boiled milk at least up to 1 month after vaccination
- Do not Vaccinate within 42 days before slaughter
- Do not administer Anti Biotic after Vaccination
- Do not keep/store vaccines in Burn, chemically sterilised, autoclaved ,unused containers ,
- Do not expose to sun light after reconstitution of Vaccine
- Take consent of owner prior to Vaccination
- If anaphylactic shock is observed after vaccination then Administer Antihistamine( Avil-1o ml vial/ Dexona-Dexamethazone-2ml vial) ,if no response then Adrenalin( Epinephrine)( 0.5 ml Tropin vial available) injection if anaphylactic shock is observed after vaccination.
(Adrenalin – 1st dose-I/M( as I/V may kill the Animal) –if no response then 2 nd dose-I/M at 10 minutes interval of 1st Dose if no response then to give-I/O( intra-osseous)– ( at epiphysis of long bone with long needle), if no response then administer I/V with 1: 1000 dilution followed( because as no heart beat so Adrenalin accumulate at cite of injection) by PCR( Pulmo-Cardiac Reassertion—first make air ways straight by supine position with straight head-> palpate Cardiac area with crossed fingers @ 100 times /minute->Mouth respiration),if no response then administer Adrenalin (1: 1000 dilution)at apex of Left Ventricle of Heart.
14-Purchase Vaccines of reputed companies
15-Follow manufacture instructions
16-Vaccinate at cool hour of the Day( morning/evening)
17- In Water diluents Vaccines –keep thirsty to birds before 1-3 hr of vaccination & water must be cold, free from chlorine ,obnoxious( unpleasant) smell or drugs before dissolving vaccine in water
18-Vaccinate within 1 hour after reconstitution
19- Immunological Sera Test in Pre-Vaccination & Post Vaccination after 14-21 days
20- Be cautious for any allergic reaction
Immunoglobulin (Antibody)- produced by WBC-“Y” shaped protein molecule-It is specialised protein which helps to neutralise of specific antigen.(which is introduced to body is Antigen & Antibody produced in serum/tissue fluid of body to neutralise Antigen-bacteria, virus, poison, disease causing agent etc.) Immunoglobulin contains Alpha/Beta/Gama Globulin. Immunoglobulin has two identical Heavy Chains & Two identical Light Chains ,Heavy connected by Di sulphide bonds & Light Chains by Polypeptide bonds.
1-Ig M-(5-8 %)-(pentameres)-( agglutinin antibody)Highest molecular weight(1,90,000-), first to response, like Ig G-hyper sensitive & Allergic reaction
2-Ig G-Gama globulin- (75%)(IgG1.IgG2,Igg3,IgG4).15,000 mol .wt. mostly available(70- 80%),23 day life span, transplacental transmission( provide passive immunity when suckled),
3-Ig A- (10-13%)- serum IgA & Secretory Ig A-second most abundant-milk, tear, saliva, intestine, mucous , blood, other secretions –protect mucosal membrane ,chronic infection action against
4-Ig E-19,000- (4%)respiratory tract production, heat labile,-infection, fever, asthma, allergen, hyper sensitive, allergic reactions
5-IgD-(2 %) like Ig G-18,000 like Ig G, Differentiate B-Lymphocytes
Types of Vaccine–
1-Inactivated Vaccine- Vaccine consist of viral particles/bacterial/other pathogen that have been grown/processed in a culture media & killed to destroy diseases producing capacity. Ex-Rabies Vaccine
2-Live-attenuated vaccine- It is prepared by reducing the virulence(attenuated/weakened) of a pathogen (infectious agent) but stills keeping it viable( alive).Ex–Anthrax & FMD
3- Messenger-RNA(m- RNA-carry a message through RNA to produce protein of the body)- Prepared by genetic engineering technique introducing a piece of m-RNA to the outer cell of pathogen that correspond to viral protein. Ex- COVID-19 Vaccine, Rabies(HDCV-prepared from Human diploid cell culture( imovax/sanofi—pure Cell Culture Vaccine-Vero-rab/Rabipore) & PCEC-Chick embryo—( Nobivac/defensor/Rakshya Rab-live vaccine)
4- Toxoid Vaccine-(0.5 ml vial) It( inactivated toxin) is prepared by using the toxin( harmful product) made by the pathogen( germ) that cause disease. Ex-Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine(TT) – During childhood 5 doses are given and one after 5 years ( 6th dose after 5 years of last dose at adolescence stage) then every 10 years interval-if taken within last 5 years then no need if any injury),–should be given to Horses & ponies—TT is to be given within 48 hours of injury.
5-Viral vector Vaccine- It is prepared by introducing a viral vector( spike protein of DNA to deliver genetic material that can be transcribed (a process by which a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of m-RNA) by the recipient’s host cells as m-RNA coding for production of a desired protein/antigen to exhibit an immune response. Ex- Malaria, Fowl pox, CAD, Herpes Virus Vaccine
6- i- Subunit- It contains purified part of pathogen that are antigenic. Ex-Hepatitis-B
ii-Recombinant- It is prepared by insertion of viral DNA or RNA genetic code into yeast cell or Viruses resulting production of specific components of the original pathogen. Ex- Hepatitis-B
iii-Polysaccharide- It builds immunity by exposing the immune system to a piece of sugar ( recognised by B-cells) from Bacteria’s coat. Ex- PPSV-23(Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine prevent against 23 pathogens causing pneumonia)
iv- conjugate– It is one type of subunit vaccine which combines( fused) a weak antigen ( polysaccharide)with a strong antigen( carrier molecule) as a carrier so that immune system has a stronger response to wean antigen. Ex-PCV-13( against IPD-Infectious plural Disease)
Different Types of Vaccines used in India in Animals & Birds-commonly used
(Dose & Route of Administration as per specification of Concerned Company)
| Sl.
No. |
Name of the Vaccine | Type | Animal/
Bird |
Dose | Route of Administration | Age | Booster | Trade Name | Remarks |
| HSV | Bovines/S/G/Pig | 5ml | S/C | 6 months/pig. 2 months | Twice a year | Rakshya Bivac( HS+FMD) | |||
| BQ V | Bovines | 5ml | S/C | 6 months | Booster at 10 days with annually twice | Rakshya Trivac( HS+BQ+
FMD) |
|||
| Anthrax Spore Vaccine(ASV) | Bovine,
Sheep, Goat, Pig |
5 ml | S/C | 4 months | All V Kid -2.5 ml-S/C | Zoonotic | |||
| FMD V | Bovines/S/G/Pig | 5ml | S/C | 4 months/ >42 days in Pig | Booster at 1 month latter with annually twice | Rarely Zoonotic | |||
| Theileria(Exotic & CB) | Bovine | >3 months | Once in life time | ||||||
| Brucella | Bovine/S/G/D/C/p | 4-8 months Female free of Br. only | Once in life time | Male & Pregnant not given | |||||
| Lumpy Skin Disease( LSD) | Bovine | 1ml | S/C | GPV is used in 1: 100 dilution | |||||
| IBR-Infectious Bovine Rhinotracites/like IPV-Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginities | live | Bovine | 2m | S/C | Calves at 6 months of age of two doses of 6 months interval . | Booster at 30 days pre breeding with annually once | Bovi-Shield GOLD FP | ||
| BVD-Bovine Viral Diarrhoea | Bovine | 2ml | I/M | >8 months | Once in life time | ||||
| PRRS-Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome V | Pig | 2ml | I/M | Pre-breeding (in gilts) | 1 -4 times a year | SUIPRAVAC-100ml | |||
| PPR-Peste Des Petits | S/G | 1ml | S/C | Once in 3 years | |||||
| Enterotoxaemia | S/G | 5ml | S/C | ||||||
| Tetanus Toxoid | All terrestrial Homothermal mammals | ½ ml of one ample | I/M | <48 hr of injury | |||||
| Goat pox | S/G | 5ml | S/C | Once annually | |||||
| CCPP-Contagious Caprine Pleuro Pneumonia | bactrin | S/G | 5 ml | S/C | Once annually | ||||
| Hog Cholera/Swine fever | Pig | 1ml | S/C | 25-30 days | |||||
| Rabies | All terrestrial Homothermal mammals & Birds | 1ml | I/M | ||||||
| C.D (Canine Distemper/CP(Canine Parvo)/CPI(Canine Parinfluenza)/CAD-(Canine Adeno Virus)/KC(Kennel cough)/Corona/Hepatitis/Canine Pleuro-pneumonia | Dog | 1ml | I/M | DCPPI/Megavac/Pentadog/Vanguard
Etc. |
|||||
| Feline Pleuro pneumonia (FPLV)+Feline Calcivirus(FCV)+Feline Viral Rhinotracites Virus(FVRCP) | Cat | 1ml | I/M | >2 Months with booster after 1 month | Annually once | Tri Cat | |||
| Riemeralla anatipestifer-4 doses | Live/Bacterin 3 & 4 | Duck | Aerosol/drinking water//S/C//S/C | 1st Day/10-14 day/3 week/10-20 wk | 3 | ||||
| Duck Viral Hepatitis V-3 doses | Live/killed 2 & 3 | Duck | S/C | 4 Wk/10 Wk/20 Wk | |||||
| Duck-Plague V/Duck Cholera V | bacterin | Duck(Vaccinate before unset of laying eggs-Pekin breed lay eggs at 24 wk) | 8-12 WEEKS | CEVA-KAPEVAC | |||||
| Duck Viral Entities V | Duck | S/C | 4 week | ||||||
| Duck Salmonella V
(Also for Turkey & Chick) |
Duck | S/C | AviPro Salmonella Duo | ||||||
| Marex | Poultry | 0.2 ml | S/C at neck | 1st Day | |||||
| IBD Lukert | Poultry | 0.2 ml | Intr-Occular(eye) | 3-4 Day | |||||
| IBD Killed-2 doses | Poultry | o.2 ml | I/M | 3-4 Day/23 wk | |||||
| Lasota(New Castle Disease/RD-F1)-2 doses | Poultry | Eye drop/Nasal drop//DW | 1 wk/3 wk | ||||||
| Infectious Bronchitis(IB)-2 doses | Poultry | 0.5ml | Oral/nasal/drinking water | 18-22 day/12-13 wk | |||||
| Gumbaro(IBD-Infectious Bursal Disease)-2 doses | Poultry | Oral/nasal/drinking water | 2nd Wk/3rd wk | ||||||
| NCD/RD Plane | Poultry | S/C//DW | 4wk | ||||||
| Fowl Pox-2 doses9 not effective in Duck) | Poultry | S/C//DW | 5—6 Wk/9wk | ||||||
| NDC/RD | Poultry | S/C//DW | 8–9wk | ||||||
| Fowl Cholera-2 doses | Poultry | 0.5 ml | S/C at breast muscle | 8w/12 wk | |||||
| Fowl Typhoid | Poultry | S/C | 12 wk | ||||||
| NDC/RD-booster | Poultry | S/C | 18 wk | ||||||
| NDC/RD-booster | Poultry | S/C | 45-50 wk |
**NB-HSV/BQV dose of 5 ml. valid till 273 Kg BW (If >273 Kg BW then use 10 ml)
VACCINATION SCHEDULE POULTRY LAYERS
| Age | Name of Vaccine | Dose | Route |
| 5-7th day | Lasota | – | I/R or I/O |
| 14-16th day | I.B.D. | – | I/O or D/W |
| 24-26th day | I.B.D. (booster) | – | D/W |
| 30th day | Lasota (booster) | – | D/W |
| 7th week | Fowl Pox | 0.2 ml. | I/M |
| 9th week | Deworming | – | – |
| 10th week | R2B | 0.5 ml. | I/M |
| 15th week | Debeaking | – | D/W |
| 17th week | Lasota | – | – |
BROILERS
| Age | Name of Vaccine | Dose | Route |
| 3-5th day | Lasota | – | I/O or I/n |
| 7-9th day | I.B.D. | – | I/O or D/W |
| 16-18th day | I.B.D. (booster) | – | D/W |
| 24-26th day | Lasota (booster) | – | D/W |
Note : I/N – Intra Nasal; I/O – Intra Ocular; D/W – Drinking water; I/M – Intra Muscular
Prepared & presented by Dr.Keshaba Chandra Samantaray ,M. V. Sc. (Gynaecology), Gold Medallist, OUAT, Bhubaneswar
Types of Veterinary Vaccines : Its Advantages & Disadvantages
