Dairy Farming Practices
Dr Sanjay Kumar Bharti, Dr Pratibha Kumari, Dr Manoj Kumar Singh,
Dr. Santh Bhagirath and Dr Vijay Kumar
Department of Veterinary Anatomy Bihar Veterinary College. Bihar Animal Sciences Universitry, Patna
Corresponding Author- Dr Sanjay Kumar Bharti, email.-drskbharti24@gmail.com
Abstract-
A part from being an important sector globally dairying is equally important in developing economies like India for providing notional support, reducing rural properly in equity, ensuring food security for million of rural house hold and enhancing economic growth, particularly in rural areas.
India is endowed with the largest livestock population in world. It accounts for about 57.3% of world buffalo population and 14.7% of the cattle population. Thus there is a tremendous scope / potential for increasing the milk production through profitable dairy farming.
Dairy farmers are the business of producing food. They aim to ensure that the safety and quality of their raw milk will satisfy the highest expectation of the food industry & consumers.
Key Words- Dairy, Farming, Milk and Nutrition
Dairy farming is a class of agriculture for long-term production of milk, which is processed (either on the farm or at a dairy plant, either of which may be called a dairy) for eventual sale of a dairy product. Dairy farming has a history that goes back to the early Neolithic era, around the seventh millennium BC, in many regions of Europe and Africa. Before the 20th century, milking was done by hand on small farms. Beginning in the early 20th century, milking was done in large scale dairy farms with innovations including rotary parlors, the milking pipeline, and automatic milking systems that were commercially developed in the early 1990s.
Milk preservation methods have improved starting with the arrival of refrigeration technology in the late 19th century, which included direct expansion refrigeration and the plate heat exchanger. These cooling methods allowed dairy farms to preserve milk by reducing spoiling due to bacterial growth and humidity. Worldwide, leading dairy industries in many countries including India, the United States, China, and New Zealand serve as important producers, exporters, and importers of milk. Since the late 20th century, there has generally been an increase in total milk production worldwide, with around 827,884,000 tonnes of milk being produced in 2017 according to the FAO.
There has been substantial concern over the amount of waste output created by dairy industries, seen through manure disposal and air pollution caused by methane gas. The industry’s role in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions has also been noted to implicate environmental consequences. Various measures have been put in place in order to control the amount of phosphorus excreted by dairy livestock. The usage of rBST has also been controversial. Dairy farming in general has been criticized by animal welfare activists due to the health issues imposed upon dairy cows through intensive animal farming.
Dairy animals produce milk by converting the crop residue and by products from crop which otherwise would be wasted. Dairy sector contributes by way of cash income, draught power and manure. Livestock provides for human needs by way of food, fiber, fuel, fertilizer, skin and traction.
70% of livestock are owned by 67% of small and marginal farmers.76% of milk is produced by weaker sector of society.India has nearly 57% of the world buffalo population 16% of cattle population, 20% of goat population and 5% of sheep population although India constitutes less than 3% of the world total land area.
Milk – 81 Million ones is the world (contribution 14% of world milk production.
Income from livestock entripses contributes as high as 10% of the total national income & nearly 50% of agriculture sector income.
Effective utilization of labour – family labour is effectively utilized in animal husbandry.
Soil fertility – Organic manure – promotes and maintain soil fertility.
Good dairy farming practices depends on :
Animal health :- Establish the herd with resistance to disease i.e – Choose breed and animals well suited to the local environment and farming system.
Determine herd size and stocking rate based on management skills, local condition and the availability of land, infrastructure feed and other inputs.
Vaccinate all animals as recommended or required by local animals as recommended or required by local animal health authorities.
Prevent entry of disease into the farm only by animals of known health status (both herd and individual animals)
Maintain farm bio security.
Milk hygiene – Ensuring milking routine do not injure the animals or introduce contaminants into milk.
Ensure milking is carried out under hygienic condition.
Ensure milk is cooled or delivered for processing with in the specified time.
Nutrition :- Secure feed & water supplies from sustainable source.
Ensure animal feed & water are of suitable quality & quantity.
Feed to dairy animals is fit for purpose and will not negatively impact the quality or safety of their milk or meat
Animal Welfare :- Provide freedom from thirst, hunger, malnuts discomfort. Freedom from pain injury & disease fear, engage in normal patterns of animal behavior.
Environment :- Implement an environmentally sustainable farming system.
https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/basics-of-good-management-practice-of-dairy-farming-in-india/
