LATEST BIS GUIDELINES OF COMPOUNDED FEEDS FOR CATTLE IN INDIA

October 17, 2021

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LATEST BIS GUIDELINES OF COMPOUNDED FEEDS FOR CATTLE IN INDIA

The Bureau of Indian Standards established in 2009 standards for feeds/feed materials intended
for meat and milk producing animals.On December 10, 2019, the FSSAI issues guidelines, based on the Food
Safety and Standards Act (2006), requiring commercial feeds/feed materials intended for food producing
animals to comply with the relevant BIS standards, and to be manufactured, imported, distributed, and sold only
with BIS Certification Mark ,With the new FSSAI guidelines, the intent is to make the BIS standards mandatory.
The authority’s action is premised on the imported nature of commercial feeds/feed materials and their
utilization in the domestic meat (i.e., from the domestic/Asian water-buffalo, Bubalus bubalis) and dairy (both
water buffalo and Bos taurus) cattle herds. The FSSAI guidelines set an implementation date of June 10, 2020,
six-months from the date of issue of the notification.On January 27, 2020, nevertheless the FSSAI amends its December 10, 2019, guidelines. It notes that commercial feeds intended for cattle will comply with BIS specifications only for compounded feeds for cattle (IS 2052:2009) and shall carry a BIS Certification Mark on the label of products. Implementation is set to begin six-months from the date of issue of this guideline, that is on July 27, 2020. On July 24, 2020, the authority,however, amends the guidelines’ compliance timeline, establishing a new compliance date of January 21, 2021.
On January 1, 2021, the FSSAI extends the compliance date for stakeholders to adopt BSI standards pertaining
to the commercial feeds/feed materials intended for meat and milk producing animals. The new compliance
date is July 1, 2021, with the timeline extended to accommodate requests from industry stakeholders due to the
COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and the nationwide lockdown in early 2020.

On July 14, 2021, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) (authority) extended the
compliance timeline for guidelines issued for commercial feeds/feed materials (i.e., compounded cattle feed)
intended for meat and milk producing animals. The extension applies to a relatively limited pool of industry
stakeholders, who encountered difficulties in obtaining Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) certification/licensing
during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic second wave (see, Appendix I). The new compliance date, for
this group, is set for January 1, 2022. The notification is accessible on the FSSAI website located at:
https://fssai.gov.in/upload/advisories/2021/07/60eeaf0a1cb43Extension_TimeLine_Meat_milk_14_07_2021.pdf

WHAT IS NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT?

Nutrient requirement is a statement of what animals on an average requires for a particular function.
Whereas the nutrient allowance is greater than the nutrient requirements as it includes margin of safety.
The margin of safety is given to take care of the variations in requirement between individual animals.

Nutrient requirement may be calculated for

Two purpose
- For maintenance
- For production purposes. (milk, meat, wool, egg, work etc.)

Maintenance

The maintenance ration is that which takes care of the needs of animals at rest to carry out the basic essential processes of life such as breathing and circulation of blood, without either gain or loss of weight.

Production

Nutrient supplied to the animal over and above its maintenance requirement is available for production (growth, milk production, reproduction and work.)

DIGESTIBLE CRUDE PROTEIN (DCP) and TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENT (TDN)

Digestible crude protein

To find out the digestible crude protein (DCP) content of a feed,multiply the digestibilty coefficient of the crude protein with the crude protein content of the feedstuff.

DCP= Digestibilty Co-efficient x CP

Where, CP represents crude protein content of the feed.

Total Digestible Nutrients

It is a measure of apparent digestible energy, but it is expressed in units of weight or per cent rather than energy per se. It is the most widely used expression of energy system in the 20th century. Digestibility coefficients are used to compute the TDN: Digestible ether extract is multiplied by 2.25 since its energy is 2.25 times of carbohydrates.

TDN = DCP + DCF + DNFE + (DEE x 2.25)

Percentage Digestible nutrient is calculated as follows:
If the digestibility coefficient of protein in soyabean meal is 75 % and the protein content is 45%. The digestible crude protein content of soybean meal is 45 x 75/100 = 33.75 %.

Example calculation of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and DCP

*Factors used to put on a carbohydrate-equvalent basis.

1 kg TDN = 4.4 Mcal DE or 4400 Kcal DE

ME = DE X 82 / 100 (ruminants)

Using the above example, TDN content of a feed = 66.2%

DE content of the feed = 4400 x 66.2 /100 = 2913 Kcal

ME content of the feed = 2913 x 82/100 = 2389 Kcal (ruminants)

Total digestible nutrients (TDN)

Total digestible nutrients (TDN), indicates the relative energy value of feed to an animal.
Calculation of Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)
TDN (%) = % DCP + % DCF + % DNFE + (% DEE x 2.25).

Nutrients	Percentage value
Digestibe crude potein	4.28 %
Digestible crude fiber	9.55%
Digestible N-free extract	29.90%
Digestile crude fat x 2.25 (1.10 x 2.25)	2.48%
Total	46.21% (TDN)

Feeds listed and grouped according to their percentage of TDN for cattle – As fed basis

Group.A. Primarily the pure fats and other high fat feeds, plus certain other feeds of generally high digestibility.

Feed stuffs	TDN value (%)
Hydrolysed animal fat	223.0
Soybean oil	194.0
Corn oil	172.8
Peanut kernels	131.0
Cotton seed	88.0
Soya bean seeds	83.0

Group.B. Mostly low- fiber grains and grain by-products.

Feed stuffs	TDN value (%)
Dried brewers grain	81.0
Corn gluten meal	78.0
Sorghum (Jowar) grain	78.0
Wheat grain	78.0
Corn (Maize) grain	77.0
44% Soyabean meal	75.0
41% solvent extracted cotton seed meal	70.0
Peanut meal	71.0

Group.C.Largely the more fibrous grains and by-products and concentrates.

Feed stuffs	TDN value (%)
Soyabean hulls	70.0
Copra meal	68.0
36% cottonseed meal	67.0
Dried alfalfa leaves	64.0
Rapeseed meal	63.0
Rice bran	63.0
Wheat bran	63.0
Beet molasses	61.0
Wheat middlings	61.0
Sunflower meal	60.0

Group.D. Predominantly the hays, hay meals, straws, hulls corn cobs,corn stover and cane molasses.

Feed stuffs	TDN value (%)
Poultry manure	59.0
Oats hay	56.0
Dehydrated alfalfa meal	55.0
Cow pea hay	53.0
Alfalfa hay	52.0
Millets hay	51.0
Peanut hay	50.0
Oat straw	47.0
Ground corn cobs	45.0
Cotton seed hulls	41.0
Cane molasses	54.0

Exercise

Calculate the digestibility coefficients of the nutrients with given data and also calculate the TDN.
A bullock consumed 10 kg of hay per day. Over the experimental period, the animal excreted 15 kg of wet faeces per day. The per cent chemical composition of hay and faeces were as follows:

	Hay	Faeces
Moisture	9	70
Crude protein	6.5	1.8
Ether extract	2.5	0.8
Crude fibre	27.5	8.5
Total ash	10.5	18

Calculate the DCP and TDN of the feed with given data:

	Chemical composition (%)	Digestibility (%)
Crude protein	8.6	60
Ether extract	2.5	60
Crude fibre	11.6	50
NFE	42.5	58

DCP = 6.5

CALCULATION OF BODY WEIGHT

Where it is not possible to weigh the animals the body weight can be calculated by using Shaeffer’s formula.

For Cattle

W = LG²
300

W = Body weight in pounds
L = Length of the animal in inches. It is from the point of the pin bone and the shoulder.
G = Girth in inches. It is the circumference measured just behind the point of elbow.

The body weight can be converted to kg by the formula 1kg = 2.2 pounds.

For Buffaloes

W = GL
Y

W = Weight of the animal in seers.
1 seer is equal to 0.93 kgs.

G = Girth of the animal in inches.
L = Length of the animal in inches.
Y = is a constant.
When G is below 65, Y is 9.0
When G is between 65 to 80, Y is 8.5
When G is above 80, Y is 8.0.

METABOLIC BODY WEIGHT

Metabolic body weight (W^0.75)

Body weight to the power of 0.75.
This is calculated by using Logarithm tables or a calculator.

Using Logarithm tables

Logarithm value		=	2.6021 x 0.75 = 1.9516
Antilogarithm value for metabolic body weight	}	=	89.44

Using a calculator

Body weight to the power of 3 and press the square root key twice, you will get the metabolic body weight.
400 x 400 x 400 = √64000000 →√8000 → 89.44

DRY MATTER ,ENERGY,PROTEIN AND WATER REQUIREMENT FOR DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS

The total quantity of dry matter the animal can consume per day should be known, so that we can compute the ration in a manner that the entire quantity of the nutrients required is present in the dry matter, the animal is able to consume.
Cattle will generally consume 2.0 to 2.5 kg. of dry matter per 100 kg. body weight.
Buffaloes, crossbred animals and heavy yielders consume 2.5 to 3.0 kg dry matter per 100 kg body weight.
In mid lactation (10-29 weeks) DM intake has to be increased by 1.7 kg/day.
In late lactation (30 weeks onwards) DM intake has to be increased by 4.1 kg / day.
In early lactation, the probable DMI may be up to 18 % less than mid lactation.

DM Requirments of cattle and buffaloes

Function	Cattle	Buffaloes
Maintenance	64.35 g / kg mbwt	62 g/ kgmbw
Growth	5.0 G/ GRAM GAIN	5.0 g/ g gain
Lactation	450 G/ KG 4 % FCM	524 G / KG 6 % FCM
Pregnancy	1.5-2.0% b.wt + (1) 20 % of maintenance extra during – 1st pregnancy (2) 10 % of maintenance extra during – 2nd pregnancy	1.5-2.0% b.wt + 20 % of maintenance extra during – 1st pregnancy 10 % of maintenance extra during – 2nd pregnancy
Breeding bulls	1.5-2.0% bwt	1.5-2.0% bwt
Working animals	2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% for light, medium and heavy works	2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% for light, medium and heavy works
Calves (1-3 months)	35-45 g/ metabolic weight	35-45 g/ metabolic weight
Calves (3-6months)	65-80 g/ metabolic weight	65-80 g/ metabolic weight

Energy requirements

Function	Cattle	Buffaloes
Maintenance	37 g TDN / KG MBT	35-40 g TDN / KG MBT
Growth	2.70 G TDN / G GROWTH	2.0 G TDN / G GROWTH
Lactation
Maintenance	37 g TDN / KG MBT	35 g TDN / KG MBT
4 or 6 % FCM	TDN=325 G/ KG 4 % FCM	TDN=406.32 G/ KG 6 % FCM
Pregnancy	20 % of maintenance extra during – 1st pregnancy 10 % of maintenance extra during – 2nd pregnancy + 1.0 kg TDN during last trimester of pregnancy	20 % of maintenance extra during – 1st pregnancy 10 % of maintenance extra during – 2nd Pregnancy + 1.0 kg TDN during last trimester of pregnancy
GROWTH	2.70 g TDN / g GROWTH	2.0 g TDN / g GROWTH
Breeding bulls	41.0 g TDN/kg MW	41.0 g TDN/kg MW
Working	2.4 Mcal ME/kg B.wt/	2.4 Mcal ME/kg B.wt/hr

Potein requirments

The protein in practical diet supply some dietary protein that escapes rumen fermentation and this protein plus the microbial protein produced from supplemental NPN may be enough to produce 20 kg 4 % FCM / day
Similarly, the protein in practical diets that meet the CP or DCP requirements plus energy may be enough to supply enough amino acids for 700 g growth / day
6% FCM (kg) = 0.308 M (kg) + 11.54 F (kg)
4% FCM (kg) = 0.4 M (kg) + 15 F (kg)

Function	Cattle	Buffaloes
Growth
Maintenance	2.75 g DCP or 5.5 g CP / kg MW	2.75 g DCP/ kg MW or 5.5 g CP / kg MW
growth	0.41 g DCP or 0.75 g CP per g gain	0.23 g DCP or 0.33 g CP per g gain
lactation
Maintenance	2.75 g DCP/ kg MW OR 5.5 g CP / kg MW	3.1 g DCP/ kg MW OR 5.5 g CP / kg MW
growth	0.41 g DCP or 0.75 g CP per g gain	0.23 g DCP or 0.33 CP per g gain
Milk (6% FCM)	57.0 g DCP or 90 g CP per kg 4 % FCM	55.0 g DCP or 90 g CP per kg 6 % FCM
Breeding		7.5 g CP/ kg MBWT
Working		2.4 Mcal ME/kg B.wt/hr

Water

Lactating dairy cows in the tropics require 60 to 70 L of water per day for maintenance, plus an extra 4 to 5 L for each litre of milk produced.
Water requirements rise with air temperature. An increase of 4°C will increase water requirements by 6 to 7 L/d.
High yielding milking cows can drink 150 to 200 L water/d during the hot season.

NUTRIENTS REQUIREMENT FOR MAINTENANCE

TDN requirement = 34 g TDN/Kg W ⁷⁵
DCP requirement = 2.84 g DCP/Kg W ⁷⁵

Calcium and Phosphorus requirement

Animals weighing 250 to 400 kg of body weight the requirement of Calcium is 25 g; and the Phosphorus requirement is 17 g per day .
Above 400 kg of body weight the requirement of Calcium is 31 g ; and phosphorus requirement is 23 g per day .

Energy and Protein requirements for maintenance

Data on maintenance requirement of energy were obtained by using short term trials in which the dry, non-producing animals of same sex and body weight were fasted, kept in thermo-neutral environment and their heat production was determined (fasting metabolism). The fasting metabolism gives an estimate about the minimum quantity of net energy that must be supplied to the animals to keep energy equilibrium. This has been estimated both by direct and indirect calorimetry. Most of the work on energy requirementin India was conducted using indirect calorimetry.
Lot of work has been conducted on energy requirementfor maintenance of dry animal where the energy requirement is reported to be 61 to 104 k cal / kg W
Data on protein requirementswere generated by using factorial method, where endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN) and metabolic faecal nitrogen (MFN) are estimated to assess protein requirements (Kehar, 1944). The EUN excretion in Indian cattle was reported to be 0.02g/kg b.wt. The EUN excretion is proportional to body size (W)
Lot of work has been conducted to determine the protein requirementfor maintenance. Most of the workers have followed factorial methods but lately 35 regression models suggested by Moe et al. (1970-71) have been used to calculate protein requirements. These reports indicate that the DCP requirement for maintenance ranges from 1.97 to 4.21 g/kg metabolic body size. The requirement of 2.48 g/kg W

Daily nutrient requirement for maintenance of mature cows/buffaloes.

Body Weight (kg)	Dry feed (kg)	DCP (g)	ME Mcal	TDN kg	Ca g	P g	Carotene mg	Vitamin A 1000 IU
200	3.5	150	6.0	1.7	8	7	21	9
250	4.0	170	7.2	2.0	10	9	26	11
300	4.5	200	8.4	2.4	12	10	32	13
350	5.0	230	9.4	2.7	14	11	37	15
400	5.5	250	10.8	3.0	17	13	42	17
450	6.0	280	12.4	3.4	18	14	48	19
500	6.5	300	13.2	3.7	20	15	53	21
550	7.0	330	14.4	4.0	21	16	58	23
600	7.5	350	15.5	4.2	22	17	64	26

(Source: Nutrient requirements of Livestock and Poultry by S.K.Ranjhan)

_0.75and maintenance requirement during lactation to be 113 to 160 k cal / kg W_0.75. On going through the data, the requirement proposed by Sen et al. (1978) and Ranjhan (1980) have been taken to calculate the energy requirement for maintenance i.e. 122 k cal of ME/ kg W_0.75 for both cattle and buffaloes. _0.75). The MFN values determined in Indian cattle were 0.35g/100 g DMI and in buffaloes were 0.34g/100 g DMI. 0.75 as proposed by Sen et al. (1978) and Ranjhan (1980, 1991) has been used for calculating the DCP requirement for maintenance.

BIS specifications for compounded feeds for cattle

BIS SPECIFICATIONS FOR COMPOUNDED FEEDS FOR CATTLE

S.No.	Characteristic Requirement	Type 1	Type 2
1	Moisture (max)	11	11
2	Crude protein (min)	22	20
3	Crude fat (min)	3.0	2.5
4	Crude fibre (max)	7	12
5	Acid insoluble ash (max)	3.0	4.0
BIS SPCIFICATIONS (%) FOR MINERAL MIXTURES FOR CATTLE

S.No.	Characteristic (percent by mass)	Requirement
S.No.	Characteristic (percent by mass)	with salt	without salt
1	Moisture, (max)	5	5
2	Calcium, (min)	22	28
3 4	Phosphorus, (min) Magnesium (min)	9 5	12 6.5
5	Salt (chlorine as Nacl) (min)	22	–
6	Iron, (min)	0.4	0.50
7	Iodine (as KI), (min)	0.02	0.03
8	Copper, (min)	0.06	0.08
9	Manganese, (min)	0.1	0.12
10	Cobalt, (min)	0.01	0.012
11	Fluorine, (max)	0.05	0.04
12 13	Zinc,(min) Sulphur (max)	0.3 0.4	0.38 0.5
14 15	Acid Insoluble ash, (Max) Spores of Bacillus anthracis,clostridium sp	3 NIL	2.5 NIL
NUTRITV VALUE OF FEEDS AND FODDER FOR RUMINANTS (% ON DM BASIS)

	DM	CP	DCP	TDN	Ca	P
NON LEGUME-GREEN FORAGES
NAPIER GRASS	20	6.0	2.5	44.0	0.50	0.68
PARA GRASS	20	8.0	4.5	59.0	0.28	0.16
GUINEA GRASS	20	6.0	3.0	51.0	0.39	0.16
CYANADON DACTYLON (Arugam pul in tamil)	20	5.5	2.5	45.0	0.36	0.10
SORGHUM	20	10.0	2.5	50.0	0.27	0.24
MAIZE	20	5.5	3.5	60.0	0.56	0.11
OATS	20	10.0	4.5	60.0	0.33	0.17
BARLEY	20	7.0	4.5	59.0	0.47	0.18
LEGUME-GREEN FORAGE
COWPEA	20	20.0	12.5	59.0	1.47	0.30
LUCERNE	20	22.0	13.5	59.0	1.5	0.25
SOOBABUL	20	28.0	14.0	55.0	1.6	0.1
SESBANIA (AGATHI)	20	30.0	15.0	52.0	1.6	0.1
STRAWS
PADDY STRAW	90	3.8	0	45	0.22	0.08
WHEAT STRAW	90	2.9	0.3	48	0.3	0.16
SORGHUM STRAW	90	3.0	1.5	56	0.5	0.5
RAGI STRAW	90	1.5	0.3	52	0.39	0.20
HAY
SORGHUM HAY	90	5.6	2.5	51	0.26	0.24
BARLEY HAY	90	10	5	57	0.47	0.18
OAT HAY	90	5	2.5	60	0.33	0.17
GROUND NUT HAULMS	90	20.5	12	49	1.89	0.26
LUCERNE HAY	90	30.0	16.5	55	2.2	0.2
COWPEA	90	20.6	10.5	50	1.47	0.30
CONCENTRATES
CEREAL GRAINS
BAJRA	90	10.7	4.5	85.0	0.01	0.44
SORGHUM	90	10.8	7.5	85.0	0.11	0.41
MAIZE	90	9	7.5	88.0	0.02	0.29
VEGETABLE PROTEIN SOURCES
COCONUT OIL CAKE	90	25.0	20.0	72.0	0.2	0.5
COTTON SEED CAKE	90	40.5	32.0	72.0	0.10	0.62
GRAM	90	22.8	20.0	74.0	0.27	0.28
SOYA BEAN MEAL	90	45.8	40.0	72.0	0.23	0.54
GROUND NUT CAKE	90	47.3	42.0	70.0	0.16	0.54
SEASAME CAKE	90	47.8	38.0	70.0	2.12	1.26
CEREAL BYPRODUCTS
WHEAT BRAN	90	14	10.5	67.0	0.13	1.05
RICE BRAN	90	13.3	8.5	60.0	0.05	1.64
					0.09	1.35
GRAM HUSK	90	3.6	0	55	1.06	0.04
MOLASSES	70	3.2	1.5	75.0	0.48	0.06
Stovers
Maize stover	90	3.6	0.5	55	—	—
Sorghum stover	90	4.3	0.5	55	—	—
Millet	90	3.3	0.3 to 0.7	55	—	—
Average	90	3.7	0.5	55	—	—
Pulse straws
Black gram straw	90	10.1	5.5	58	—	—
Cow pea straw	90	8.1	5.5	58	—	—
Green gram straw	90	10.1	6.0	58	—	—
Average	90	10.1	5.8	58	—	—

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT FOR LACTATION

Energy and protein requirements for lactation

In practical feeding many factors like level of intake, proportion of concentrate to roughage and the quality of roughage, physical form of the ration (grinding, pelleting etc.) will affect the energy requirement. The requirement proposed by Sen (1978) and Ranjhan et al (1982, 1991) of 1,188 kcal of ME per kg of 4% fat corrected milk was taken to calculate the energy requirementof dairy cattle and buffaloes.

The requirement of 132 g digestible nitrogen per 100 g of milk nitrogen proposed by Sen (1978) and Ranjhan (1980, 1992) was taken to calculate the DCP requirement.

Nutrient requirements per Kg of milk production (ICAR, 1998)

% fat	DCP (g)	TDN (kg)	ME (Mcal)	Ca (g)	P (g)
3.0	40	0.270	0.97	2.5	1.8
4.0	45	0.315	1.13	2.7	2.0
5.0	51	0.370	1.28	2.9	2.2
6.0	57	0.410	1.36	3.1	2.4
7.0	63	0.460	1.54	3.3	2.6
8.0	69	0.510	1.80	3.5	2.8
9.0	75	0.500	2.06	3.7	3.0
10.0	81	0.600	2.16	3.9	3.2
11.0	85	0.700	2.34	3.4	3.4

TDN requirement

330 g TDN/kg fat corrected milk.
Fat correction of milk (FCM) per Kg is 0.4 + 0.15F, where F is % of fat in milk.

ME requirement

Gross energy of one Kg of fat corrected milk is 750 kcal of energy = NE requirement per Kg FCM
Efficiency of ME of feed to NE for Milk production = 62 %

ME requirement per Kg FCM =

750 x 100
————- 62

= 1200 Kcal

Efficiency of conversion of DE to ME = 82 %

DE requirement per Kg FCM =

1200 x 100
————— 82

= 1460 Kcal

DCP requirement

The protein content of milk can be calculated by using the following formula.
Percentage of protein = 1.9 + 0.4F, where F is percentage of fat.
Then the DCP requirement is calculated by assuming that the Biological value of microbial protein in Cattle as 70%
- The DCP requirement of 1 kg of milk with 5% fat
- Percentage of protein = 1.9 + (0.4 x 5) = 3.9 % or 39 g in 1 kg.
- Quantity of DCP required is (39 / 70) x 100 = 55.7 or 56 g of DCP for 1 kg of milk with 5% fat.

Mineral requirement for milk production

8 g Calcium and 2.0 g phosphorus should be provided per kg of milk produced.

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT FOR PREGNANCY

Energy and protein requirements for pregnancy

No systematic work on nutrient requirements for pregnancy has been done in India. Therefore, the requirements recommended by NRC (1988) have been adopted for feeding pregnant cattle and buffaloes till such time when Indian values for feeding of pregnant animals are available.

Requirements for maintenance and pregnancy (last 2 months) (ICAR, 1998)

(Kg) B. Wt	Dry Feed (Kg)	DCP (g)	TDN (Kg)	ME (Mcal)	Ca (g)	P (g)	Carotene (mg)	Vit.A 100 IU
250	4.9	270	3.0	10.8	14	12	51	21
300	5.6	290	3.4	12.4	16	14	56	25
350	6.4	320	3.7	13.2	21	16	67	27
400	7.2	350	4.0	14.1	23	18	76	30
450	7.9	400	4.4	15.9	26	20	86	34
500	8.6	430	4.8	17.3	29	22	95	38
550	9.3	465	5.2	18.8	31	24	105	42
600	10.0	500	5.6	20.2	34	26	114	46
650	10.6	530	6.0	21.6	36	28	124	50
700	11.3	550	6.3	22.7	39	30	133	53
750	12.0	600	6.7	24.2	42	32	143	57
800	12.6	630	7.1	25.6	44	34	152	6

(Source : Nutrient requirement for Livestock and Poultry by S.K.Ranjhan)

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR BREEDING BULLS

When bulls have properly developed, they are normally fed on maintenance requirement.
Overfeeding should be avoided as it leads to excessive fattening which lowers the libido.
No systematic work on nutrient requirements of breeding bulls had been conducted in the country. However, the requirements proposed by Ranjhan (1980) adopted from NRC (1971) have been adopted by ICAR (1998).
Nutrients required for breeding bulls per head per day

B. wt (kg)	DCP (kg)	SE (kg)	TDN (kg)	Ca (g)	P (g)
400	0.38	2.7	3.6	9	9
500	0.45	3.4	4.5	11	11
600	0.53	4.2	5.4	13	13
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR WORKING BULLOCKS

Work production normally does not involve extra protein over the maintenance. The requirement of nutrients for bullocks for work production is comparatively lower than for fast moving horses.
For bullocks, the work has been categorized into 2 types
- Normal work – working for 4 h of ploughing or 6 h of carting
- Heavy work – working for 6 h of ploughing or 8 h of carting

Nutrient requirements for working animals / head / day
The nutrient requirements of bullocks for different types of work proposed by Sen (1978) and Ranjhan (1980, 1991) have been adopted by ICAR (1998).

B. wt (kg)		Normal work DCP (kg) TDN (kg)			Heavy work DCP (kg) TDN (kg)
200	0.24		2.0	0.25		2.7
300	0.33		3.1	0.42		4.0
400	0.45		4.0	0.57		4.8
500	0.56		4.9	0.71		6.4
600	0.66		5.8	0.84		7.2

NUTIRENTS REQUIREMENT FOR GROWTH

Nutrient requirements for growing calves may be divided into 2 phases.

Pre-ruminant growth period

The nutrients required for pre-ruminant growth have been reported by Ranjhan (1972) and were adopted by ICAR (1998).
e. before the rumen is anatomically and physiologically developed.

Post-ruminant growth period

Vast data was available on growing zebu cattle, buffaloes and crossbred animals on different planes of nutrition from which nutrient requirements pertaining to protein and energy have been calculated. For minerals and vitamins, the requirements have been derived from NRC (1988) for a specific growth rate. The requirements have been given for growth rates of 550 and 600 g per day.
Nutrient requirements of preruminant cattle and buffalo calves (ICAR, 1998)

Age (days)	B.wt (kg)	Daily Gain (g)	DCP (g)	TDN (kg)	ME (Mcal)	Ca (g)	P (g)	Vit. A 100IU	Vit. D IU
0-15	25	200	80	0.40	1.5	2.5	1.5	1.5	200
16-30	30	300	90	0.50	1.7	3.0	2.0	1.5	250
31-60	40	300	125	0.80	2.4	3.5	2.5	1.7	250
61-90	50	350	150	1.00	3.6	4.0	3.8	2.0	300

Nutrient requirements for growing calves (cattle) (ICAR, 1998)
after the rumen has been developed.

(kg)

B.wt

Growth

rate (g)

(kg)

DCP

(g)

TDN

(kg)

(Mcal)

(g)

Carotene

(mg)

Vit.A

100IU

550

600

2.1

2.3

255

260

1.4

1.5

5.0

5.4

550

600

2.4

2.5

260

270

1.5

1.6

5.4

5.8

100

550

600

2.8

3.0

270

280

2.1

2.2

7.6

7.9

120

550

600

3.2

3.7

280

290

2.3

2.4

8.3

8.6

140

550

600

3.7

4.2

290

300

2.5

2.6

9.0

9.4

160

550

600

4.2

4.7

300

320

2.7

2.8

9.7

10.1

180

550

600

4.7

5.2

310

320

2.9

3.0

10.4

10.8

200

550

600

5.2

5.7

320

330

3.1

3.2

11.2

11.5

220

550

600

5.7

6.2

330

340

3.3

3.4

11.9

12.2

240

550

600

6.2

6.7

340

350

3.5

3.6

12.6

13.0

260

550

600

6.7

7.2

350

360

3.7

3.8

13.3

13.7

FEEDING OF CALVES UPTO 3 MONTHS

Age of calf	Whole milk (g)	Skim-milk (g)	*Calf-starter (g)**	Good-quality hay (g)
1st 3 days	2,500 (Colostrum)	–	–	–
4th to 7th day	2,500	–	–	–
2nd Week	3,000	–	100	300
3rd Week	3,250	300	500
4th Week	3,000	–	400	600
5th Week	1,500	1,000	500	700
6th Week	–	2,500	650	750
7th Week	–	2,000	800	850
8th Week	–	1,750	1,000	1,000
9th Week	–	1,250 (Up to 60^th day)	1,200	1,100
10th Week	–	–	1,300	1,200
11th Week	–	–	1,400	1,300
12th Week	–	–	1,500	1,500
13th Week	–	–	2,000	2,000
NUTRIENT (% of DM) SPECIFICATION OF CALF STARTER AND NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT OF HEIFERS.

Nutrient	Amount required
DCP	18.0
TDN	80.0
Fat	3.0
ME ( Mcal/ kg DM)	3.11
Ca	0.60
P	0.40
Vitamin A (IU/ kg)	2,200
Vitamin D (IU/kg)	300
Vitamin E (IU/kg)	25

Daily Nutrient requirement of growing heifer calves

Live Weight(kg)	Daily gain(g)	DM (kg)	DCP (g)	TDN (kg)	Ca(g)	P (g)
20	100	—	56	0.44	1.1	0.8
25	150	–	70	0.54	1.5	1.1
35	250	0.85	100	0.74	2.5	1.5
50	400	1.50	140	1.02	3.8	2.1
75	450	2.25	175	1.31	5.4	3.2

Nutrient Requirements of Pre-ruminant Calves

Age	Body Weight (kg)	Daily gain (g )	DCP (g)	TDN (kg)	ME (Mcal/kg)	Ca (g)	P (g)	Vit. A (IU)	Vit D (IU)
Birth to 15 days	25	200	80	0.40	1.5	2.5	1.5	150	200
15 to 30 days	30	200	90	0.50	1.7	3.0	2.0	150	250
31 to 60 days	40	300	125	0.80	2.4	3.5	2.5	170	250
60 to 90 days	50	350	150	1.00	3.6	4.0	3.8	200	360

Calcium and Phosphorus requirement of growing cattle (Growth 500 g/day)

Age	Body Weight (kg)	Daily gain (g )	DCP (g)	TDN (kg)	ME (Mcal/kg)	Ca (g)	P (g)	Vit. A (IU)	Vit D (IU)
Birth to 15 days	25	200	80	0.40	1.5	2.5	1.5	150	200
15 to 30 days	30	200	90	0.50	1.7	3.0	2.0	150	250
31 to 60 days	40	300	125	0.80	2.4	3.5	2.5	170	250
60 to 90 days	50	350	150	1.00	3.6	4.0	3.8	200	360