LSD (LUMPY SKIN DISEASE )

Lumpy Skin Disease (Transboundary Viral Disease)- An Overview and its Ethnoveterinary Treatment

Team Pashudhan Praharee

December 5, 2022

765

Lumpy Skin Disease (Transboundary Viral Disease)- An Overview and its Ethnoveterinary Treatment

Dr. Jeyapriya.S

Ph.D Scholar, Department of Livestock Products Technology

Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana

Email: priyacharmant@gmail.com

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease caused by a virus belonging to Poxviridae family. This virus affects both exotic and indigenous cattle breeds. However, only fewer clinical LSD cases were reported in buffaloes.

The main characteristic of the disease is the presence of large skin nodules covering their entire body of the animal. The affected animal may also show reduced milk production and infertility.

TRANSMISSION:

Biting flies play the most important role in spreading the virus. Infections

increase during the wet summer and autumn months when there are more flies. Calves can be infected by drinking milk from a cow which has the disease. LSD is not a zoonotic disease.

The disease can also spread through the saliva of infected animals when they use the same drinking trough.

ECONOMIC IMPACT:

Up to 45% of your herd can get infected and the mortality(death) rate may reach 10%.The disease causes emaciation (loss of body condition because of unwillingness to eat); temporary or permanent loss of milk production, lowered or complete loss of fertility in bulls and cows, abortion as wells permanent damage to hides (skin).

It causes economic losses to farmers due to reduced productivity and also the ban of export of animals from the affected area.

This disease is highly infectious, hence World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) has recommended the reporting the outbreak of this disease to the public health authorities.

SOURCES OF VIRUS:

Skin nodules, scabs and crusts contain relatively high amounts of LSDV. Virus can be isolated from this material for up to 35 days and likely for longer.

LSDV can be isolated from saliva, ocular and nasal discharge.
LSDV is found in the blood (viraemia) intermittently from approximately 7 to 21 days post-infection at lower levels than present in skin nodules.
Shedding in semen may be prolonged; LSDV has been isolated from the semen of an experimentally infected bull 42 days postinoculation.
There has been one reported of placental transmission of LSD.
LSD does not cause chronic disease

PATHOGENESIS:

Subcutaneous or intradermal inoculation of cattle with LSDV results in the development of a localized swelling at the site of inoculation after 4 to 7 days and enlargement of the regional lymph nodes while generalized eruption of skin nodules usually occurs 7 to 19 days after inoculation.
Viral replication in pericytes, endothelial cells and probably other cells in blood vessel and lymph vessel walls causes vasculitis and lymphagitis in some vessels in affected areas. In severe cases infarction may result.
In experimentally infected cattle LSDV was demonstrated in saliva at least for 11 days after the development of fever, in semen for 42 days and in skin nodules for 39 days. Viraemia occurred after the initial febrile reaction and persisted for two weeks.
Immunity after recovery from natural infection is life-long in most cattle; calves of immune cows acquire maternal antibody and are resistant to clinical disease for about six months.

SYMPTOMS:

Any one or more of the following:

Skin nodules and ulcers:

– can vary from a few to hundreds

– the size ranges from 0,5–5 cm

– they occur anywhere on the skin, including the nose, udder and vulva in cows, the scrotum in bulls, as well as in the mouth (the gums)

Legs which become swollen and develop sores.
Enlarged superficial lymph nodes.
Pneumonia/coughing as a result of secondary infection of the respiratory tract(the windpipe) and lungs.
Nasal discharge thick to watery fluid from the nose.
Infertile bulls due to orchitis (infection of the testes).
Infertile cows.
Mastitis which lowers milk production.
Lachrymation: means (infection of the eye or even blindness).
Recovery from severe infection is slow due to emaciation.
Fever that may exceed 41°C,depression,anoroxia,rhinitis,conjunctivitis and excessive salivation.

’DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:

Pseudo-lumpy skin disease
Bovine herpes mammillitis
Dermatophilosis
Ringworm
Insect or tick bites
Rinderpest
Demodicosis
Hypoderma bovis infection
Photosensitization
Bovine papular stomatitis
Urticaria
Cutaneous tuberculosis

Diagnosis

Clinical

−Suspect with characteristic skin nodules (“sitfast”), fever and low mortality

Laboratory Tests

−Virus isolation and identification

−Electron microscopy in combination with history

−Serology, cross reactions with other poxviruses may occur

Fluorescent antibody
Serum neutralization
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test

Clinical pathology

Intracellular, eosinophilic inclusion bodies in biopsy material.

Ethno veterinary treatment:

Ethno medicine is practice of using the active compounds in the medicinal plants as treatment for diseases. An effective oral and topical ethno medicine to treat the lumpy skin disease is mentioned here.

Oral treatment for first three days of infection

Ingredient	Quantity
Betel leaves	10 nos.
Black pepper	10 nos.
Crystal salts	10 grams
Jaggery	required volume

Grind the above ingredients well, mix them up with jiggery to form a paste.
Feed the paste to the animal every 3 hours once, for first three days

Oral treatment 3 to 14 days of infection

Ingredients	Quantity
Garlic	2 nos.
Coriander leaves	15grams
Cumin seeds	15grams
Holy basil (thulsi)	1 hand full
Clove leaves	15grams
Black pepper	15grams
Betel leaves	5nos.
Shallots(small onions)	2nos.
Turmeric powder	10grams
Neem leaves	one hand full
Jaggery	Required volume

Grind the above ingredients well, mix them up with jaggery.
Feed the paste to the animal at morning, evening and night

Topical treatment for open wound

Ingredients	Quantity
AcalyphaIndica leaves (Kuppi, Kuppaimeni)	One hand full
Garlic tooth	10 nos
Neem leaves	One hand full
Holy basil (Thulsi)	One hand full
Turmeric powder	10grams
Henna leaves	One hand full
Coconut oil	500ml

Grind all the above said ingredients and boil them in 500ml coconut oil.
Cool the contents and apply the oil over the wound after cleaning the wound.An effective and safer traditional treatment using medicine herbs is given for the benefit of farmers to combat the lumpy skin disease in cattle. The medicine can be prepared by the farmers using locally available medicinal herbs and administer to the animal.

There has been very promising result seen in the affected cattle with the treatment of using cocktail of Herbal mixture composed of Haldi, Aloevera gelly,Baking soda, Neem leaves, Betal leaves,Garlic & Peppers.Its coctail after grinding are fed to cattle BID for 14 days.Along with this the affected animals are moped/washed with water (which has been boiled with Neem leaves ,strained & aftet cooling use it to mope the whole body by using cotton cloath twice a week.)

Homeonest Marigold + LSD-25 Kit contains two medicines namely Homeonest V Drops No. 25 for oral administration and Marigold + plus Liquid Antiseptic Spray for External use on skin lesion.Its treatment with application of Homeopathic medicine made by Goel Homeo vet pharma named LSD kit has shown marvellous result in many cases.

INDICATIONS:

For boosting immunity against LSD and other similar viral diseases.
Homeopathic Treatment of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in cattle with oral medicinefor enhancing internal Immunity and Healing Spray for treating external wounds.
ADMINISTRATION of ORAL MEDICINE
Make sure that medicine touches the tongue of the recipient for faster relief and quick action. Increasing the dose should be avoided; rather decreasing the time interval between successive drug administrations is advisable. Medicine can be given to the animal within an interval of half an hour to one hour or as suggested by the doctor. Different methods of drug administration:
Method 1:Open the mouth of the animal and drop the medicine directly onto the tongue or into the nostrils so that the animal may lick the medicine.
Method 2:Spread the medicine on a piece of roti or bread and offer it to the animal to eat, so that medicine is consumed along with the food.
Note: Do not drench the medicine, let the animal lick the medicine with the tongue while eating or drinking.
ADMINISTRATION OF EXTERNAL SPRAY MEDICINE
Hold the spray kit about 2-3 inches away from the affected area and spray the medicine gently. It can be repeated 2-3 times a day until healing of the lesions is observed.
Marigold+ LSD-25 Kit, is a unique homeopathic formulation for lumpy skindisease in cattle. which means “like cures like”, so is our Marigold+ LSD-25 Kit. Hence, such formulations that cause symptoms like a diseased animal in a healthy one are used to prepare this wonder drug formula to be able to treat lumpy skin disease and its related lesions. It is a formulation that is developed by a renowned Indian veterinarian after consulting many homeopaths and conducting advanced field trials over the years. It has gained the trust of many field veterinarians and livestock farmers.